Concept explainers
To explain: Whether clades with few living species may be very young.
Introduction: A group of organisms that have been originated and evolved from one common ancestor is called a clade. The variation occurred due to the evolution of a common ancestor to adapt and diversify into one or more species and subgroups. Since the origin is same, clade is said to be monophyletic. The construction of a phylogenetic tree helps to observe clades.
To explain: Alternate hypothesis to define different clades.
Introduction: A group of organisms that have been originated and evolved from one common ancestor is called a clade. The variation occurred due to the evolution of a common ancestor to adapt and diversify into one or more species and subgroups. Since the origin is same, clade is said to be monophyletic. The construction of a phylogenetic tree helps to observe clades.
To explain: Evidence of the hypothesis used to define clades.
Introduction: A group of organisms that have been originated and evolved from one common ancestor is called a clade. The variation occurred due to the evolution of a common ancestor to adapt and diversify into one or more species and subgroups. Since the origin is same, clade is said to be monophyletic. The construction of a phylogenetic tree helps to observe clades.
To explain: The components constituting the evidence used to define different clades.
Introduction: A group of organisms that have been originated and evolved from one common ancestor is called a clade. The variation occurred due to the evolution of a common ancestor to adapt and diversify into one or more species and subgroups. Since the origin is same, clade is said to be monophyletic. The construction of a phylogenetic tree helps to observe clades.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution- For the first phylogenetic tree, if we assume absolute time is NOT represented, can we say that the species in circle B are more closely related than the species in Circle A? For the second phylogenetic tree (if we hold the same assumptions), can we say that B and C are more closely related than A and C?arrow_forwardDraw a phylogenetic reconstruction for the hypothetical frog species. Once you have a cladogram you feel confident about, use lines and labels on cladogram to indicate where character states hanged. How many evolutionary changes occurred in your phylogeny? Is there evidence of an evolutionary convergence having occurred in your phylogeny? How about evolutionary reversals?arrow_forwardAccording to the data, which two species in Table 3 are most closely related? Why do we think these two lineages diverged the shortest time ago? Which species is most closely related to humans? Which is most distantly related to humans To humans, alligators and crocodiles look very similar. However, which species difference in Table 3 comes closest to the difference between alligators and crocodiles? How can we explain this?arrow_forward
- n which situation would it make sense to use the morphological species concept? When you are able to collect data about how individuals in your study use their habitat, but you are unable to determine if they interbreed When working with fossils from extinct organisms When you only have genetic data about each organism in your study When you are not able to collect data about how individuals in your study use their habitat, but you are able to collect reproductive dataarrow_forwardBased on this phylogenetic tree, which organisms are the most closely related? B. bonærensis (Southern Minke Whale) B. acutorostrata (Northern Minke Whale) B. physalus (Fin Whale) B. edeni (Pygmy Bryde's Whale) B borealis (Sei Whale) B. brydei (Bryde's Whale) B. musculus (Blue Whale) Megaptera novæanglia (Humpback Whale) Eschrichtius robustus (Gray Whale) B. musculus (Blue Whale) and B. physalus (Fin Whale) B. acutostrata (Northern Minke Whale) and B. edeni (Pygmy Bryde's Whale) B. brydei (Bryde's Whale) and B. edeni (Pygmy Bryde's Whale) Megaptera novaeangliae (Humpback Whale) and Eschrichtius robustus (Gray Whale)arrow_forwardIn what sense does the biological species concept focus on evolutionary mechanisms and the phylogenetic species concept on evolutionary patterns? Which, if either, is correct?arrow_forward
- What is the difference between a phylogenetic tree and a cladogram? What the difference between "homologous traits" and "analogous traits"? What is the difference between "ancestral traits" and "derived traits"?arrow_forwardBelow are phylogenetic trees depicting the relationships among four species, A, B, C, and D. Which of the following statements is correct? ABCD ADCB DCBA D CAB (1) (2) (3) (4) Tree (1) and Tree (2) are the same tree. Tree (2) and Tree (4) are the same tree. Tree (2) and Tree (3) are the same tree. All four trees are in fact the same tree. All four trees are in fact different trees.arrow_forwardWhat is the difference between a cladogram and a phylogenetic tree? Given a cladogram for a group of species, what additional interpretation is needed to obtain a phylogenetic tree?arrow_forward
- The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species (1-6). A “0” indicates the ancestral condition, and a “1” indicates the derived condition. 1. Which trait is least informative of phylogenetic relationships within the group? 2. Which species has the fewest number of derived characters?arrow_forwardExamine the following phylogenetic tree illustrated in Figure shown in the first picture. In general, what does a phylogenetic tree illustrate? How do you compare the relationships of organisms BB, CC, and DD? Given the following organisms in the Table in the second picture, number them in terms of which is relatively closest and distant. Number 1 refers to closest.arrow_forwardSuppose a new monkey species, Species A, has just been discovered. You are a primatologist, and you are trying to determine its phylogenetic position. You are sure its closest relatives are Species B and Species C, but you want to know which one it is more closely related to or if it is equally closely related to both. You are using Species D, a more distant relative, as the outgroup. You have come up with a list of ten characters you think will be useful in resolving this phylogeny, and you have determined the character state of each species for each character. The character states are: (in image below) Estimate the phylogeny of these taxa by plotting the changes on each of the three possible phylogenies for species A, B, and C and determining which tree requires the fewest evolutionary changes. HINT: First, review the carnivorans problem in Section 4.3 of the Zimmer and Emlen textbook. To solve the above problem, assume the outgroup has the ancestral character state for each…arrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education