Essential Organic Chemistry, Global Edition
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781292089034
Author: Paula Yurkanis Bruice
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 19, Problem 40P
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
The coenzymes required in the given conversions of the fatty acid metabolic process should be given.
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Most fatty acids have an even number of carbons and, therefore, are completely metabolized to acetyl-CoA. A fatty acid with an odd number of carbons is metabolized to acetyl-CoA and one equivalent of propionyl-CoA. The following two reactions convert propionyl-CoA into succinyl-CoA, a citric acid cycle intermediate, so it can be further metabolized. Each of the reactions requires a coenzyme. Identify the coenzyme for each step. From what vitamins are the coenzymes derived?
draw and Identify different types of organic reaction mechanims in the following metabolic pathways.
Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
Citric acid cycle
Gluconeogenesis pathway (pyruvate to glucose)
Catabolism of triacylglycerols- beta-oxidation pathway
Biosynthesis of fatty acids from Acetyl CoA
Glycolysis (from glucose to two molecules of pyruvate)
Under conditions of starvation, acetyl-CoA, instead of being degraded in the citric acid cycle, is converted to acetone and 3-hydroxybutyrate, compounds called ketone bodies that the brain can use as a temporary fuel. Show how the ketone bodies are formed.
Chapter 19 Solutions
Essential Organic Chemistry, Global Edition
Ch. 19.4 - Prob. 1PCh. 19.4 - How many molecules of NADH are formed from the...Ch. 19.4 - Why does the OH group add to the -carbon rather...Ch. 19.5 - Prob. 4PCh. 19.5 - Prob. 5PCh. 19.5 - The oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to...Ch. 19.5 - Prob. 7PCh. 19.6 - Prob. 8PCh. 19.6 - Prob. 9PCh. 19.6 - Propose a mechanism for the reduction of...
Ch. 19.7 - Prob. 11PCh. 19.8 - Acid-catalyzed dehydration reactions are normally...Ch. 19.8 - Prob. 13PCh. 19.8 - Prob. 14PCh. 19.8 - Prob. 15PCh. 19.9 - Prob. 16PCh. 19.10 - a. What is the name of the enzyme that converts...Ch. 19.13 - Prob. 18PCh. 19 - Prob. 19PCh. 19 - Prob. 20PCh. 19 - Prob. 21PCh. 19 - Prob. 22PCh. 19 - Prob. 23PCh. 19 - Prob. 24PCh. 19 - Prob. 25PCh. 19 - Prob. 26PCh. 19 - Prob. 27PCh. 19 - Prob. 28PCh. 19 - Prob. 29PCh. 19 - Prob. 30PCh. 19 - Prob. 31PCh. 19 - Prob. 32PCh. 19 - Prob. 33PCh. 19 - Prob. 34PCh. 19 - Prob. 35PCh. 19 - Prob. 36PCh. 19 - Prob. 37PCh. 19 - Prob. 38PCh. 19 - Prob. 39PCh. 19 - Prob. 40PCh. 19 - Prob. 41PCh. 19 - Prob. 42PCh. 19 - Prob. 43PCh. 19 - Prob. 44PCh. 19 - UDP-galactose-4-epimerase converts UDP-galactose...Ch. 19 - A student is trying to determine the mechanism for...Ch. 19 - What would be the results of the experiment in...
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- Fatty acids and triglycerides are an important source of nutrition and a dense form of stored energy. Digestion of fats yields more energy per gram than digestion of carbohydrates. Each turn on the B-oxidation spiral results in the formation of a new acetyl COA molecule. This molecule can then be used to generate more energy in A) fatty acid synthesis B) ketolysis C) glycolysis D) tricarboxylic acid cycle E) oxidative phosphorylationarrow_forwardAcyl-CoA synthase is the enzyme that activates a fatty acid by converting it to a fatty acyl-CoA in a series of two reactions. In the first reaction, the fatty acid reacts with ATP and one of the products formed is ADP. The other product reacts in a second reaction with CoASH to form the fatty acyl-CoA. Propose a mechanism for each of the reactions.arrow_forwardStep 7 of the citric acid cycle is shown. Which statement best describes what occurs in this step? CO₂ 1 CH || CH + H₂O CO₂ fumarate CO₂™ fumarase HO C-H CH₂ CO₂ malate A) Fumarate undergoes hydrogenation with hydrogens and electrons provided by the enzyme fumarase. B) Fumarate undergoes hydration with the aid of the enzyme fumarase. C) Fumarate undergoes hydrolysis with the aid of the enzyme fumarase. D) Fumarate undergoes reduction with the aid of the cofactor fumarase.arrow_forward
- The following reaction constitutes the first step in the citric acid cycle. List all the reactants in this reaction? H₂O COO™ C=O || CH3-C-CoA Acetyl COA CH₂ COO™ Oxaloacetate HS-COA Citrate synthase O Citrate and HS-COA COO™ I CH₂ HO-C-COO CH₂ COO™ Citrate Water, Acetyl CoA, and HS-CoA O Oxaloacetate and Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate, Acetyl CoA, and HS-COA O Oxaloacetate, Acetyl CoA, and Waterarrow_forwardStearic acid is the common name for the C18 straight-chain, saturated fatty acid. Draw the structure of the fatty acyl-CoA that this forms (you don't have to draw out all of the atoms in coenzyme A; you can represent it as S-, and then show all of the reactions). Draw & identify all of the compounds formed when the eighteen carbon fat is converted to two molecules of acetyl-CoA and the fourteen-carbon fat via two turns of the fatty acid spiral. List the enzymes and coenzymes that are part of the pathway.arrow_forwardConsider the docosanoic acid, C21H43CO2H Label the alpha and beta Carbons. Draw each acyl CoA derived from this fatty acid. How many acetyl Co A molecules are formed by complete beta-oxidation? How many cycles of beta-oxidation are needed for complete oxidation? How many molecules of ATP are formed from the complete catabolism of this fatty acid? Show the complete computation. How many moles of ATP per gram of fatty acid is formed from the complete catabolism of the given fatty acid? What is the molar mass of the given fatty acid?arrow_forward
- Place the steps of glycolysis in the order that they occur. Last step Answer Bank Glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Aldolase cleaves the six-carbon sugar into two three-carbon sugars. Phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate. 3-Phosphoglycerate is formed. Fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated by phosphofructokinase. First steparrow_forwardPyruvate must be oxidized into acetyl-CoA in order to enter the citric acid cycle. Which of the following are required for this process per one molecule of pyruvate? ADP, FADH ATP, NADH ATP, NAD+ NAD+, coenzyme A CO2, NADHarrow_forwardIn the first step of B-Oxidation, R Η Η Ο B HH -S-COA Acyl COA In the third step of B-Oxidation, ОНН О T || R-C-C-C -S-COA Acyl COA dehydrogenase L-B-Hydroxyacyl CoA R- B-Hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase H H Η Ο R- trans-Enoyl COA is the oxidizing agent. -S-COA is the oxidizing agent. || -CH₂-C S-CoA B-Ketoacyl COAarrow_forward
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