(a) Interpretation: The definition of standard free-energy change should be determined. Concept introduction: The relation of total entropy is as follows: Δ S total = Δ S system + Δ S surroundings The second law of thermodynamics gives criteria for spontaneity. It states that when the sign of total entropy change is positive, the reaction is spontaneous. When the sign of Δ S total is negative, the reaction is nonspontaneous. Also, all reactions are at equilibrium when total entropy change is equal to 0.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.92SP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The definition of standard free-energy change should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The relation of total entropy is as follows:

ΔStotal=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurroundings

The second law of thermodynamics gives criteria for spontaneity. It states that when the sign of total entropy change is positive, the reaction is spontaneous. When the sign of ΔStotal is negative, the reaction is nonspontaneous. Also, all reactions are at equilibrium when total entropy change is equal to 0.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The definition for standard free-energy of formation should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The relation of total entropy is as follows:

ΔStotal=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurroundings

The second law of thermodynamics gives criteria for spontaneity. It states that when the sign of total entropy change is positive, the reaction is spontaneous. When the sign of ΔStotal is negative, the reaction is nonspontaneous. Also, all reactions are at equilibrium when total entropy change is equal to 0.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.92SP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The definition of standard free-energy change should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The relation of total entropy is as follows:

ΔStotal=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurroundings

The second law of thermodynamics gives criteria for spontaneity. It states that when the sign of total entropy change is positive, the reaction is spontaneous. When the sign of ΔStotal is negative, the reaction is nonspontaneous. Also, all reactions are at equilibrium when total entropy change is equal to 0.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The definition for standard free-energy of formation should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The relation of total entropy is as follows:

ΔStotal=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurroundings

The second law of thermodynamics gives criteria for spontaneity. It states that when the sign of total entropy change is positive, the reaction is spontaneous. When the sign of ΔStotal is negative, the reaction is nonspontaneous. Also, all reactions are at equilibrium when total entropy change is equal to 0.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.92SP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The definition of standard free-energy change should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The relation of total entropy is as follows:

ΔStotal=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurroundings

The second law of thermodynamics gives criteria for spontaneity. It states that when the sign of total entropy change is positive, the reaction is spontaneous. When the sign of ΔStotal is negative, the reaction is nonspontaneous. Also, all reactions are at equilibrium when total entropy change is equal to 0.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The definition for standard free-energy of formation should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The relation of total entropy is as follows:

ΔStotal=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurroundings

The second law of thermodynamics gives criteria for spontaneity. It states that when the sign of total entropy change is positive, the reaction is spontaneous. When the sign of ΔStotal is negative, the reaction is nonspontaneous. Also, all reactions are at equilibrium when total entropy change is equal to 0.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.92SP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The definition of standard free-energy change should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The relation of total entropy is as follows:

ΔStotal=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurroundings

The second law of thermodynamics gives criteria for spontaneity. It states that when the sign of total entropy change is positive, the reaction is spontaneous. When the sign of ΔStotal is negative, the reaction is nonspontaneous. Also, all reactions are at equilibrium when total entropy change is equal to 0.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The definition for standard free-energy of formation should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The relation of total entropy is as follows:

ΔStotal=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurroundings

The second law of thermodynamics gives criteria for spontaneity. It states that when the sign of total entropy change is positive, the reaction is spontaneous. When the sign of ΔStotal is negative, the reaction is nonspontaneous. Also, all reactions are at equilibrium when total entropy change is equal to 0.

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Answer 5

Chapter 18, Problem 18.92SP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The definition of standard free-energy change should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The relation of total entropy is as follows:

ΔStotal=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurroundings

The second law of thermodynamics gives criteria for spontaneity. It states that when the sign of total entropy change is positive, the reaction is spontaneous. When the sign of ΔStotal is negative, the reaction is nonspontaneous. Also, all reactions are at equilibrium when total entropy change is equal to 0.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The definition for standard free-energy of formation should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The relation of total entropy is as follows:

ΔStotal=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurroundings

The second law of thermodynamics gives criteria for spontaneity. It states that when the sign of total entropy change is positive, the reaction is spontaneous. When the sign of ΔStotal is negative, the reaction is nonspontaneous. Also, all reactions are at equilibrium when total entropy change is equal to 0.

Answer 6

Chapter 18, Problem 18.92SP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The definition of standard free-energy change should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The relation of total entropy is as follows:

ΔStotal=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurroundings

The second law of thermodynamics gives criteria for spontaneity. It states that when the sign of total entropy change is positive, the reaction is spontaneous. When the sign of ΔStotal is negative, the reaction is nonspontaneous. Also, all reactions are at equilibrium when total entropy change is equal to 0.

Answer 7

Chapter 18, Problem 18.92SP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The definition of standard free-energy change should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The relation of total entropy is as follows:

ΔStotal=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurroundings

The second law of thermodynamics gives criteria for spontaneity. It states that when the sign of total entropy change is positive, the reaction is spontaneous. When the sign of ΔStotal is negative, the reaction is nonspontaneous. Also, all reactions are at equilibrium when total entropy change is equal to 0.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The definition for standard free-energy of formation should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The relation of total entropy is as follows:

ΔStotal=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurroundings

The second law of thermodynamics gives criteria for spontaneity. It states that when the sign of total entropy change is positive, the reaction is spontaneous. When the sign of ΔStotal is negative, the reaction is nonspontaneous. Also, all reactions are at equilibrium when total entropy change is equal to 0.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The definition for standard free-energy of formation should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The relation of total entropy is as follows:

ΔStotal=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurroundings

The second law of thermodynamics gives criteria for spontaneity. It states that when the sign of total entropy change is positive, the reaction is spontaneous. When the sign of ΔStotal is negative, the reaction is nonspontaneous. Also, all reactions are at equilibrium when total entropy change is equal to 0.

Answer 10

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Answer 11

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

Ch. 18 - Which of the following reactions has a decrease in...Ch. 18 - CONCEPTUAL APPLY 18.2 Consider the gas-phase...Ch. 18 - Consider the distribution of ideal gas molec ules...Ch. 18 - (a) Which state has the higher entropy? Explain in...Ch. 18 - Calculate the standard entropy of reaction for...Ch. 18 - The unbalanced reaction for the combustion of...Ch. 18 - Calculate the value of Stotal, and decide whether...Ch. 18 - Use the values of Hof, and So in Appendix B to...Ch. 18 - Consider the decomposition of gaseous N2O4:...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.10A

Solution Summary: The author explains that the definition of standard free-energy change should be determined. The second law of thermodynamics gives criteria for spontaneity.

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