General Chemistry
General Chemistry
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780073402758
Author: Chang, Raymond/ Goldsby
Publisher: McGraw-Hill College
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Chapter 18, Problem 18.101SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In accordance with the given conditions the residual entropy in the CO lattice has to be calculated.  The calculated value has to be compared with the observed value.

Concept Introduction:

Entropy is the measure of randomness in the system.  According to the third law of thermodynamics entropy of a perfectly crystalline substance at zero Kelvin is zero.  The substances which are not perfectly crystalline, possess entropy even at zero Kelvin.  The entropy of a substance at zero Kelvin is known as residual entropy.

A thermodynamic system can have degenerate and non-degenerate energy levels.  There can be different possible arrangements of the particles in the various energy levels.  These possible arrangements are defined as thermodynamic probability (W) or microstates.  The thermodynamic probability can be calculated using the following formula.

  W = gN

Where,

  'N'’ is the total number of particles

  'g' is the degeneracy of the energy level

The entropy and thermodynamic probability is related by Boltzmann equation.  As the number of possible arrangements increases the entropy also increases.

  S = klnW

Where,

  S is the entropy

  k is the Boltzmann constant k=1.38×10-23JK-1

  W is the thermodynamic probability

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In accordance with the given conditions the residual entropy in the CO lattice has to be calculated.  The calculated value has to be compared with the observed value.

Concept Introduction:

Entropy is the measure of randomness in the system.  According to the third law of thermodynamics entropy of a perfectly crystalline substance at zero Kelvin is zero.  The substances which are not perfectly crystalline, possess entropy even at zero Kelvin.  The entropy of a substance at zero Kelvin is known as residual entropy.

A thermodynamic system can have degenerate and non-degenerate energy levels.  There can be different possible arrangements of the particles in the various energy levels.  These possible arrangements are defined as thermodynamic probability (W) or microstates.  The thermodynamic probability can be calculated using the following formula.

  W = gN

Where,

  'N'’ is the total number of particles

  'g' is the degeneracy of the energy level

The entropy and thermodynamic probability is related by Boltzmann equation.  As the number of possible arrangements increases the entropy also increases.

  S = klnW

Where,

  S is the entropy

  k is the Boltzmann constant k=1.38×10-23JK-1

  W is the thermodynamic probability

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Chapter 18 Solutions

General Chemistry

Ch. 18.6 - Practice Exercise Calculate the equilibrium...Ch. 18.6 - Prob. 2PECh. 18.6 - Prob. 3PECh. 18.6 - Prob. 1RCCh. 18 - Prob. 18.1QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.2QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.3QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.4QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.5QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.7QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.8QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.9QPCh. 18 - 18.10 Arrange the following substances (1 mole...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.11QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.12QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.13QPCh. 18 - 18.14 State whether the sign of the entropy...Ch. 18 - 18.15 Define free energy. What are its units? Ch. 18 - 18.16 Why is it more convenient to predict the...Ch. 18 - 18.17 Calculate ΔG° for the following reactions at...Ch. 18 - 18.18 Calculate ΔG° for the following reactions at...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.19QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.20QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.21QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.22QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.23QPCh. 18 - 18.24 For the autoionization of water at...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.25QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.26QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.27QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.28QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.29QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.30QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.31QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.32QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.33QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.34QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.35QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.36QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.37QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.38QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.39QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.40QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.41QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.42QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.43QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.44QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.45QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.46QPCh. 18 - 18.47 Calculate the equilibrium pressure of CO2...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.48QPCh. 18 - 18.49 Referring to Problem 18.48, explain why the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.50QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.51QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.52QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.53QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.54QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.55QPCh. 18 - 18.56 Crystallization of sodium acetate from a...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.57QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.58QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.59QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.60QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.61QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.62QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.63QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.64QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.65QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.66QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.67QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.68QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.69QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.70QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.71QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.72QPCh. 18 - 18.73 (a) Over the years there have been numerous...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.74QPCh. 18 - 18.75 Shown here are the thermodynamic data for...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.76QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.77QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.78QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.79QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.80QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.81QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.82QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.83QPCh. 18 - 18.84 Large quantities of hydrogen are needed for...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.85QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.86QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.87QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.88QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.89QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.90QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.91QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.92QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.93QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.94QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.95QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.96QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.98QPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.100SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.101SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.102SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.103SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.104SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.105SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.106SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.107SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.108SPCh. 18 - 18.109 The boiling point of diethyl ether is...
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