HUMAN ANATOMY
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781260210262
Author: SALADIN
Publisher: RENT MCG
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Chapter 17.4, Problem 18BYGO
Summary Introduction
To analyze:
The signal pathway from light absorption by retinal cells to third-order nerve fiber.
Introduction:
Eyes help in the perception of the surrounding through the aid of vision. The optic nerve is the first cranial nerve that is linked to the perception of vision. It is associated with the eye and helps to convert visual signals into electrical signals and process them into the cerebral cortex of the brain.
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Students have asked these similar questions
a) Based upon how the neural membrane functions, briefly explain how electrical
stimulation can cause a neuron to generate an action potential. Describe in one
sentence a type of action potential that can be generated by electrical stimulation, but
that cannot be generated by synaptic inputs.
b) The central part of the retina consists largely of cones, which are responsible for
colour vision in normal sight. However, presently available retinal prostheses are not
able to reliably provide a perception of colour for people implanted with these devices.
Explain why people with a retinal prosthesis are currently unable to reliably perceive
colour.
The correct pathway of activation (by sending neuronal signals) in the retina is
bipolar cell - retinal ganglion cell - photoreceptor
photoreceptor - retinal ganglion cell - bipolar cell
retinal ganglion cell - bipolar cell - photoreceptor
photoreceptor - bipolar cell - retinal ganglion cell
O bipolar cell - photoreceptor - amacrine cell
Draw a labelled diagram of the eye and discuss the mechanism ofphototransduction in rod and cone cells.
Chapter 17 Solutions
HUMAN ANATOMY
Ch. 17.1 - Braille uses symbols composed of dots that are...Ch. 17.1 - Distinguish between general and special senses.Ch. 17.1 - Three schemes of receptor classification were...Ch. 17.1 - Prob. 3BYGOCh. 17.1 - Prob. 4BYGOCh. 17.1 - Prob. 5BYGOCh. 17.1 - Prob. 6BYGOCh. 17.2 - Prob. 1AWYKCh. 17.2 - What is the difference between a lingual papilla...Ch. 17.2 - Prob. 8BYGO
Ch. 17.2 - What part of an olfactory cell bears the binding...Ch. 17.2 - Prob. 10BYGOCh. 17.3 - Prob. 1AWYKCh. 17.3 - What is the benefit of having three auditory...Ch. 17.3 - Prob. 12BYGOCh. 17.3 - How does the brain recognize the difference...Ch. 17.3 - Prob. 14BYGOCh. 17.3 - Prob. 15BYGOCh. 17.4 - Prob. 1AWYKCh. 17.4 - Prob. 2AWYKCh. 17.4 - Prob. 3AWYKCh. 17.4 - Prob. 16BYGOCh. 17.4 - List as many structural and functional differences...Ch. 17.4 - Prob. 18BYGOCh. 17.4 - Prob. 19BYGOCh. 17.5 - Describe the contributions of the first pharyngeal...Ch. 17.5 - Prob. 21BYGOCh. 17.5 - Prob. 22BYGOCh. 17.5 - Prob. 23BYGOCh. 17 - The meaning of sensory receptor and the range of...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.1.2AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.1.3AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.1.4AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.1.5AYLOCh. 17 - The types of sensory nerve endings considered to...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.1.7AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.1.8AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.1.9AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.1.10AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.1.11AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.1.12AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.1.13AYLOCh. 17 - The relationship of taste buds to the lingual...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.2.2AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.2.3AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.2.4AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.2.5AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.2.6AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.2.7AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.3.1AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.3.2AYLOCh. 17 - The parts of the middle ear, including its three...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.3.4AYLOCh. 17 - The anatomy of the cochlea and the functional...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.3.6AYLOCh. 17 - How cochlear function enables the brain to...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.3.8AYLOCh. 17 - The differences between static and dynamic...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.3.10AYLOCh. 17 - The action of the otolithic membrane in...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.3.12AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.3.13AYLOCh. 17 - The projection pathways taken by signals of...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.4.1AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.4.2AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.4.3AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.4.4AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.4.5AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.4.6AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.4.7AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.4.8AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.4.9AYLOCh. 17 - The projection pathways taken by retinal signals...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.4.11AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.5.1AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.5.2AYLOCh. 17 - Prob. 17.5.3AYLOCh. 17 - How the lens, vitreous body, anterior chamber,...Ch. 17 - Hot and cold stimuli are detected by free nerve...Ch. 17 - Prob. 2TYRCh. 17 - Prob. 3TYRCh. 17 - Prob. 4TYRCh. 17 - The sensory neurons that begin in the spiral organ...Ch. 17 - The spiral organ rests on the tympanic membrane....Ch. 17 - Prob. 7TYRCh. 17 - Prob. 8TYRCh. 17 - Prob. 9TYRCh. 17 - Prob. 10TYRCh. 17 - The most finely detailed vision occurs when an...Ch. 17 - Fibers of the optic nerve come from the...Ch. 17 - A sensory nerve ending specialized to detect...Ch. 17 - The gelatinous membranes of the macula sacculi and...Ch. 17 - Three rows of ____________ in the cochlea have...Ch. 17 - The __________ is a tiny bone that vibrates in the...Ch. 17 - The ___________ of the midbrain receive auditory...Ch. 17 - The apical microvilli of a gustatory cell are...Ch. 17 - Olfactory neurons synapse with mitral cells and...Ch. 17 - Prob. 20TYRCh. 17 - State a meaning of each word element and give a...Ch. 17 - State a meaning of each word element and give a...Ch. 17 - State a meaning of each word element and give a...Ch. 17 - State a meaning of each word element and give a...Ch. 17 - State a meaning of each word element and give a...Ch. 17 - State a meaning of each word element and give a...Ch. 17 - State a meaning of each word element and give a...Ch. 17 - Prob. 8BYMVCh. 17 - State a meaning of each word element and give a...Ch. 17 - Prob. 10BYMVCh. 17 - Briefly explain why each of the following...Ch. 17 - Briefly explain why each of the following...Ch. 17 - Briefly explain why each of the following...Ch. 17 - Briefly explain why each of the following...Ch. 17 - Briefly explain why each of the following...Ch. 17 - Prob. 6WWWTSCh. 17 - Prob. 7WWWTSCh. 17 - Prob. 8WWWTSCh. 17 - Briefly explain why each of the following...Ch. 17 - Briefly explain why each of the following...Ch. 17 - Prob. 1TYCCh. 17 - What type of cutaneous receptor enables you to...Ch. 17 - Predict the consequences of a hypothetical...Ch. 17 - Prob. 4TYCCh. 17 - Prob. 5TYC
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- Larry goes to the doctor complaining that he cant see the right side of the visual field with either eye. Where in the visual signal-processing pathway is Larrys problem occurring?arrow_forwardA scientist has dissected out a small section of the retina and is able to directly record the action potential firing rate in a single ganglion cell. Assume there is a on-center off-surround bipolar cell connected to an on-center off-surround ganglion cell. When applying ‘Stimulus 1’ the scientist records a moderate action potential rate. When applying ‘Stimulus 2’ the rate of action potentials increases substantially. In the context of this experiment no illumination is an option as a 'Stimulus'. ‘Stimulus 2’ would result in what response in the bipolar cell (the one connected to the ganglion cell the scientist is measuring)? A. A large depolarization of the bipolar cell membrane B. The bipolar cell membrane would remain at the resting membrane potential C. A large hyperpolarization of the bipolar cell membrane D. A small hyperpolarization of the bipolar cell membrane E. A small depolarization of the bipolar cell membranearrow_forwardEven though they are located in the back of the retinal tissue, what is the importance of the rod and cone photoreceptor cells to our sense of sight? (explain elaborately)arrow_forward
- What are the receptor cells in the eye that are most sensitive to light and that give an image in black / white (grayscale)?arrow_forwardReceptor cells that are neurons with sensory dendrites are faster than receptor cells that are separate from neurons. Why is that, and why might that be important in, for example, the sense of touch versus vision?arrow_forwardExplain briefly the signal transduction for the following senses: i. Hearing. ii. Vision.arrow_forward
- In a detailed essay, Explain the process of phototransduction and signal transmission in the retina. Be sure to include the steps associated with the formation/breakdown of Rhodopsin as well as the signal transduction process that takes place in the retina beginning in the dark. Be sure to also include where in the retina these process are taking place (i.e rods, bipolar cells or ganglion cells, outer segment, inner segment...). Please provide step-by-step details! please be sure you add all required info.arrow_forwardWhen we talk about the receptive field of a receptor cell or of a retinal ganglion cell, what are we are referring to? the area of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus to which that cell projects its axons the location in the primary visual cortex where we will find neurons that the cell is connected to the part of the retina in which that cell is located the part of the visual field where a stimulus must be in order to make that cell respondarrow_forwardDescribe the location, structure, and afferent pathways of smell and taste receptors, and explain how these receptors are activated.arrow_forward
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