College Physics (10th Edition)
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780321902788
Author: Hugh D. Young, Philip W. Adams, Raymond Joseph Chastain
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 16, Problem 5MCP
To determine
The correct consequence of the second law of
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College Physics (10th Edition)
Ch. 16 - Under what conditions will the entropy of a gas...Ch. 16 - In what ways is a heat pump different from (or...Ch. 16 - Prob. 3CQCh. 16 - A growing plant creates a highly complex and...Ch. 16 - Why must a room air conditioner be placed in a...Ch. 16 - If you pour a cup of hot water into a cup of cold...Ch. 16 - How can the thermal conduction of heat from a hot...Ch. 16 - How can the free expansion of a gas into a vacuum...Ch. 16 - Does the second law of thermodynamics say that...Ch. 16 - Prob. 10CQ
Ch. 16 - Prob. 11CQCh. 16 - What would be the efficiency of a Carnot engine...Ch. 16 - The first law of thermodynamics is sometimes...Ch. 16 - Would it be more economical to run a refrigerator...Ch. 16 - An insulated box has a carrier that confines a gas...Ch. 16 - Prob. 2MCPCh. 16 - Carnot engine A operates between temperatures of...Ch. 16 - Prob. 4MCPCh. 16 - Prob. 5MCPCh. 16 - You want to increase the efficiency of a Carnot...Ch. 16 - Prob. 7MCPCh. 16 - You perform 100 J of work on a refrigerator that...Ch. 16 - If you mix cold milk with hot coffee in an...Ch. 16 - A glass of water left outside on a cold night...Ch. 16 - Prob. 11MCPCh. 16 - Prob. 12MCPCh. 16 - A coal-fired power plant that operates at an...Ch. 16 - Each cycle, a certain heat engine expels 250 J of...Ch. 16 - A diesel engine performs 2200 J of mechanical work...Ch. 16 - An aircraft engine has a heat efficiency of e =...Ch. 16 - A certain nuclear power plant has a thermal...Ch. 16 - Figure 16.15 shows a pV diagram for a heat engine...Ch. 16 - The pV diagram in Figure 16.16 shows a cycle of a...Ch. 16 - A gasoline engine. A gasoline engine takes in 1.61...Ch. 16 - A gasoline engine has a power output of 180 kW...Ch. 16 - In one cycle, a freezer uses 785 J of electrical...Ch. 16 - A refrigerator has a coefficient of performance of...Ch. 16 - Prob. 12PCh. 16 - A freezer has a coefficient of performance of...Ch. 16 - A cooing unit for chilling the water of an...Ch. 16 - A Carnot engine whose high-temperature reservoir...Ch. 16 - A heat engine is to be built to extract energy...Ch. 16 - A Carnot engine is operated between two heat...Ch. 16 - A Carnot engine has an efficiency of 59% and...Ch. 16 - An ice-making machine operates as a Carnot...Ch. 16 - A Carnot freezer that runs on electricity removes...Ch. 16 - Set Up: For an engine, W and QH positive and QC is...Ch. 16 - A sophomore with nothing better to do adds heat to...Ch. 16 - A 4.50 kg block of ice at 0.00C falls into the...Ch. 16 - You decide to take a nice hot bath but discover...Ch. 16 - A crucible contains 0.1 kg of liquid lead that is...Ch. 16 - Three moles of an ideal gas undergo a reversible...Ch. 16 - Entropy change due to driving. Premium gasoline...Ch. 16 - Entropy change from a doughnut. A typical doughnut...Ch. 16 - Solar collectors. A well-insulated house of...Ch. 16 - Prob. 30PCh. 16 - An experimental power plant at the Natural Energy...Ch. 16 - Solar water heater. A solar water heater for...Ch. 16 - You are designing a Carnal engine that has 2 mol...Ch. 16 - A heat engine takes 0.350 mol of an ideal diatomic...Ch. 16 - As a budding mechanical engineer, you are called...Ch. 16 - Prob. 36GPCh. 16 - A Carnot engine operates between two heat...Ch. 16 - An engineer is working with a Carnot engine that...Ch. 16 - Human entropy. A person having skin of surface...Ch. 16 - A typical coal-fired power plant generates 1000 MW...Ch. 16 - A human engine. You decide to use your body as a...Ch. 16 - One end of a copper rod is immersed in boiling...Ch. 16 - The pV diagram in Figure 16.19 shows a heat engine...Ch. 16 - Passage Problems Power from the sea. Ocean thermal...Ch. 16 - What is the change in entropy of the ammonia...Ch. 16 - Compare the entropy change of the warmer water to...Ch. 16 - If the proposed plant is built and produces 10 MW...
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- This problem compares the energy output and heat transfer to the environment by two different types of nuclear power stationsone with the normal efficiency of 34.0%, and another with an improved efficiency of 40.0%. Suppose both have the same heat transfer into the engine in one day. 2.501014J. (a) How much more electrical energy is produced by the more efficient power station? (b) How much less heat transfer occurs to the environment by the more efficient power station? (One type of more ef?cient nuclear power station, the gas—cooled reactor, has not been reliable enough to be economically feasible in spite of its greater eficiency.)arrow_forwardYou are working on a summer job at a company that designs non-traditional energy systems. The company is working on a proposed electric power plant that would make use of the temperature gradient in the ocean. The system includes a heat engine that would operate between 20.0C (surface-water temperature) and 5.00C (water temperature at a depth of about 1 km). (a) Your supervisor asks you to determine the maximum efficiency of such a system. (b) In addition, if the electric power output of the plant is 75.0 MW and it operates at the maximum theoretically possible efficiency, you must determine the rate at which energy is taken in from the warm reservoir. (c) From this information, if an electric bill for a typical home shows a use of 950 kWh per month, your supervisor wants to know how many homes can be provided with power from this energy system operating at its maximum efficiency. (d) As energy is drawn from the warm surface water to operate the engine, it is replaced by energy absorbed from sunlight on the surface. If the average intensity absorbed from sunlight is 650 W/m2 for 12 daylight hours on a clear day, you need to find the area of the ocean surface that is necessary for sunlight to replace the energy absorbed into the engine. (e) From this information, you need to determine if there is enough ocean surface on the Earth to use such engines to supply the electrical needs for all the homes associated with the Earths population. Assume the energy use for a home in part (c) is an average over the entire planet. (f) In view of your results in this problem, your supervisor has asked for your conclusion as to whether such a system is worthwhile to pursue. Note that the fuel (sunlight) is free.arrow_forwardA power plant has been proposed that would make use of the temperature gradient in the ocean. The system is to operate between 20.0C (surface water temperature) and 5.00C (water temperature at a depth of about 1 km). (a) What is the maximum efficiency of such a system? (b) If the useful power output of the plant is 75.0 MW, how much energy is absorbed per hour? (c) In view of your answer to part (a), do you think such a system is worthwhile (considering that there is no charge for fuel)?arrow_forward
- (a) How much heat transfer occurs from 20.0 kg of 90.0C water placed in contact with 20.0 kg of 10.0C water, producing a final temperature of 50.0C ? (b) How much work could a Carnot engine do with this heat transfer, assuming it operates between two reservoirs at constant temperatures of 90.0C and 10.0C ? (c) What increase in entropy is produced by mixing 20.0 kg of 90.0C water with 20.0 kg of 10.0C water? (d) Calculate the amount of work made unavailable by this mixing using a low temperature of 10.0C, and compare it with the work done by the Garnet engine. Explicitly show how you follow the steps in the Problem-Solving Strategies for Entropy. (e) Discuss how everyday processes make increasingly more energy unavailable to do work, as implied by this problem.arrow_forward(a) In reaching equilibrium, how much heat transfer occurs from 1.00 kg of water at 40.0C when it is placed in contact with 1.00 kg of 20.0C water in reaching equilibrium? (b) What is the change in entropy due to this heat transfer? (c) How much work is made unavailable, taking the lowest temperature to be 20.0C ? Explicitly show how you follow the steps in the Problem-Solving Strategies for Entropy.arrow_forward(a) How much heat transfer occurs to the environment by an electrical power station that uses 1.251014J of heat transfer into the engine with an efficiency of 42.0%? (b) What is the ratio of heat transfer to the environment to work output? (c) How much work is done?arrow_forward
- A 4ton air conditioner removes 5.60107J (48,000 British thermal units) from a cold environment in 1.00 h. (a) What energy input in joules is necessary to do this if the air conditioner has an energy efficiency rating (EER) of 12.0? (b) What is the cost of doing this if the work costs 10.0 cents per 3.60106J (one kilowatt—hour)? (c) Discuss whether this cost seems realistic. Note that the energy efficiency rating (EER) of an air conditioner or refrigerator is defined to be the number of British thermal units of heat transfer from a cold environment per hour divided by the watts of power input.arrow_forwardAn electric generating station is designed to have an electric output power of 1.40 MW using a turbine with two-thirds the efficiency of a Carnot engine. The exhaust energy is transferred by heat into a cooling tower at 110C. (a) Find the rate at which the station exhausts energy by heat as a function of the fuel combustion temperature Th. (b) If the firebox is modified to run hotter by using more advanced combustion technology, how does the amount of energy exhaust change? (c) Find the exhaust power for Th = 800C. (d) Find the value of Th for which the exhaust power would be only half as large as in part (c). (e) Find the value of Th for which the exhaust power would be one-fourth as large as in part (c).arrow_forwardA large electrical power station generates 1000 MW of electricity with an efficiency of 35.0%. (a) Calculate the heat transfer to the power station, Qh, in one day. (b) How much heat transfer Qc occurs to the environment in one day? (c) If the heat transfer in the cooling towers is from 35.0C water into the local air mass, which increases in temperature from 18.0C to 20.0C, what is the total increase in entropy due to this heat transfer? (d) How much energy becomes unavailable to do work because of this increase in entropy, assuming an 18.0C lowest temperature? (Part of Qccould be utilized to operate heat engines or far simply heating the surroundings, but it rarely is.)arrow_forward
- (a) How long will the energy in a 1470kJ (350kcal) cup of yogurt last in a woman doing work at the rate of 150 W with an efficiency of 20.0% (such as in leisurely climbing stairs)? (b) Does the time found in part (a) imply that it is easy to consume more food energy than you can reasonably expect to work off with exercise?arrow_forward. As a gasoline engine is miming, an amount of gasoline containing 15,000 J of chemical potential energy is burned in 1 s. During that second, the engine does 3,000 J of work. (a) What is the engine's efficiency? (b) The burning gasoline has a temperature of about 4,000°F (2,500 K). The waste heat from the engine flows into air at about 80°F (300 K). What is the Carnot efficiency of a heat engine operating between these two temperatures?arrow_forwardExplain why a building made of bricks has smaller entropy than the same bricks in a disorganized pile. Do this by considering the number of ways that each could be formed (the number of microstates in each macrostate).arrow_forward
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