The way in which researchers working on phylogenetic researches may be misled. Introduction: Phylogenetic trees can be drawn to trace the evolutionary history of organisms. If some changes are seen on a branch, it can be assumed that mutations are rare and hence, it can be assumed that multiple mutations will rarely occur at the same locus. On a longer branch, having greater number of mutations, it is assumed that multiple mutations occur at the same locus.

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Chapter 16, Problem 4PDT

Summary Introduction

To determine: The way in which researchers working on phylogenetic researches may be misled.

Introduction: Phylogenetic trees can be drawn to trace the evolutionary history of organisms. If some changes are seen on a branch, it can be assumed that mutations are rare and hence, it can be assumed that multiple mutations will rarely occur at the same locus. On a longer branch, having greater number of mutations, it is assumed that multiple mutations occur at the same locus.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The relation of the saturation of the curve showing sequence divergence of the third position of codons with the errors cause due to the length of the branch.

Introduction: Phylogenetic trees can be drawn to trace the evolutionary history of organisms. If some changes are seen on a branch, it can be assumed that mutations are rare and hence, it can be assumed that multiple mutations will rarely occur at the same locus. On a longer branch, having greater number of mutations, it is assumed that multiple mutations occur at the same locus.

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Within the field of phylogenetics, what does a “bootstrap value” represent? (write/make 3 points for this question)

You want to make a phylogenetic tree of a group of three related species of lizards that live on an island. Their genome sequences are highly similar except for a gene that controls body size. In that region of the genome, one of the lizard species has one copy of the growth control gene (L1), the second species has a duplication of the growth control gene (L2) and the third species has three copies of the same gene (L3). The lizard species show an increase in size depending on how many copies of the growth control gene they have (L1 is smallest, L2 is medium-sized and L3 is largest). Is this enough information to determine the phylogenetic relationships between the species, and predict which of the species arrived on the island first (and is the ancestral species)? Yes, because the ancestral lizard genome probably had a single copy of the growth control gene and after arriving on the island it was duplicated, resulting in species L2, and then another duplication occurred resulting in…

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 4PDT

Summary Introduction

To determine: The way in which researchers working on phylogenetic researches may be misled.

Introduction: Phylogenetic trees can be drawn to trace the evolutionary history of organisms. If some changes are seen on a branch, it can be assumed that mutations are rare and hence, it can be assumed that multiple mutations will rarely occur at the same locus. On a longer branch, having greater number of mutations, it is assumed that multiple mutations occur at the same locus.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The relation of the saturation of the curve showing sequence divergence of the third position of codons with the errors cause due to the length of the branch.

Introduction: Phylogenetic trees can be drawn to trace the evolutionary history of organisms. If some changes are seen on a branch, it can be assumed that mutations are rare and hence, it can be assumed that multiple mutations will rarely occur at the same locus. On a longer branch, having greater number of mutations, it is assumed that multiple mutations occur at the same locus.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 4PDT

Summary Introduction

To determine: The way in which researchers working on phylogenetic researches may be misled.

Introduction: Phylogenetic trees can be drawn to trace the evolutionary history of organisms. If some changes are seen on a branch, it can be assumed that mutations are rare and hence, it can be assumed that multiple mutations will rarely occur at the same locus. On a longer branch, having greater number of mutations, it is assumed that multiple mutations occur at the same locus.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The relation of the saturation of the curve showing sequence divergence of the third position of codons with the errors cause due to the length of the branch.

Introduction: Phylogenetic trees can be drawn to trace the evolutionary history of organisms. If some changes are seen on a branch, it can be assumed that mutations are rare and hence, it can be assumed that multiple mutations will rarely occur at the same locus. On a longer branch, having greater number of mutations, it is assumed that multiple mutations occur at the same locus.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 4PDT

Summary Introduction

To determine: The way in which researchers working on phylogenetic researches may be misled.

Introduction: Phylogenetic trees can be drawn to trace the evolutionary history of organisms. If some changes are seen on a branch, it can be assumed that mutations are rare and hence, it can be assumed that multiple mutations will rarely occur at the same locus. On a longer branch, having greater number of mutations, it is assumed that multiple mutations occur at the same locus.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The relation of the saturation of the curve showing sequence divergence of the third position of codons with the errors cause due to the length of the branch.

Introduction: Phylogenetic trees can be drawn to trace the evolutionary history of organisms. If some changes are seen on a branch, it can be assumed that mutations are rare and hence, it can be assumed that multiple mutations will rarely occur at the same locus. On a longer branch, having greater number of mutations, it is assumed that multiple mutations occur at the same locus.

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Answer 5

Chapter 16, Problem 4PDT

Summary Introduction

To determine: The way in which researchers working on phylogenetic researches may be misled.

Introduction: Phylogenetic trees can be drawn to trace the evolutionary history of organisms. If some changes are seen on a branch, it can be assumed that mutations are rare and hence, it can be assumed that multiple mutations will rarely occur at the same locus. On a longer branch, having greater number of mutations, it is assumed that multiple mutations occur at the same locus.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The relation of the saturation of the curve showing sequence divergence of the third position of codons with the errors cause due to the length of the branch.

Introduction: Phylogenetic trees can be drawn to trace the evolutionary history of organisms. If some changes are seen on a branch, it can be assumed that mutations are rare and hence, it can be assumed that multiple mutations will rarely occur at the same locus. On a longer branch, having greater number of mutations, it is assumed that multiple mutations occur at the same locus.

Answer 6

Chapter 16, Problem 4PDT

Summary Introduction

To determine: The way in which researchers working on phylogenetic researches may be misled.

Introduction: Phylogenetic trees can be drawn to trace the evolutionary history of organisms. If some changes are seen on a branch, it can be assumed that mutations are rare and hence, it can be assumed that multiple mutations will rarely occur at the same locus. On a longer branch, having greater number of mutations, it is assumed that multiple mutations occur at the same locus.

Answer 7

Chapter 16, Problem 4PDT

Summary Introduction

To determine: The way in which researchers working on phylogenetic researches may be misled.

Introduction: Phylogenetic trees can be drawn to trace the evolutionary history of organisms. If some changes are seen on a branch, it can be assumed that mutations are rare and hence, it can be assumed that multiple mutations will rarely occur at the same locus. On a longer branch, having greater number of mutations, it is assumed that multiple mutations occur at the same locus.

Answer 8

Summary Introduction

To determine: The relation of the saturation of the curve showing sequence divergence of the third position of codons with the errors cause due to the length of the branch.

Introduction: Phylogenetic trees can be drawn to trace the evolutionary history of organisms. If some changes are seen on a branch, it can be assumed that mutations are rare and hence, it can be assumed that multiple mutations will rarely occur at the same locus. On a longer branch, having greater number of mutations, it is assumed that multiple mutations occur at the same locus.

Answer 9

Summary Introduction

To determine: The relation of the saturation of the curve showing sequence divergence of the third position of codons with the errors cause due to the length of the branch.

Introduction: Phylogenetic trees can be drawn to trace the evolutionary history of organisms. If some changes are seen on a branch, it can be assumed that mutations are rare and hence, it can be assumed that multiple mutations will rarely occur at the same locus. On a longer branch, having greater number of mutations, it is assumed that multiple mutations occur at the same locus.

Answer 10

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Answer 13

Ch. 16 - Prob. 1PDT Ch. 16 - Prob. 2PDT Ch. 16 - Prob. 3PDT Ch. 16 - Prob. 4PDT Ch. 16 - Prob. 5PDT Ch. 16 - Prob. 6PDT Ch. 16 - Prob. 7PDT Ch. 16 - Prob. 8PDT Ch. 16 - Prob. 9PDT

Solution Summary: The author explains how phylogenetic trees can be drawn to trace the evolutionary history of organisms.

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