Concept explainers
To review:
The similarities and differences between endotoxins and exotoxins on the following aspects: bacterial source, chemistry, toxicity, and pharmacology.
Introduction:
Microorganisms that have the ability to cause infectious diseases are called as pathogens. Such microorganisms include bacteria,
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Microbiology: An Introduction (13th Edition)
- Describe the differences in bacterial endotoxin and bacterial exotoxins with respect to mode of action, signs and symptoms, and body’s response to these toxins. What would you say is the logical reason bacteria make toxins?arrow_forwardHere are four toxins: diphtheria toxin, cholera toxin, tetanus toxin, and exfoliative toxin. Choose two of them and answer the following questions: 1. Is it an exotoxin or an endotoxin? 2. Which bacterial species produces it? 3. Briefly describe its mode of action and how it causes damage to the host cells. Include specific signs and symptoms.arrow_forwardCompare and contrast Bacterial Endotoxins and Exotoxins at 4 levels:arrow_forward
- (b) List TWO (2) types of common food hazards. Describe the properties of bacteria endotoxin based on the following component; (i) (ii) (iii) Stability Antigenicity Toxicityarrow_forwardWhat are two reasons microbes will produce toxins?arrow_forwardChoose one infectious disease from the list below and use the chain of infection to analyze how it is spread. A. Please provide a comprehensive description of cholera. B. Describe the chain of infection cholera. The chain of infection for the chosen infectious disease must clearly include the following: 1. Identification of a) the pathogen, b) the reservoir c) means of transmission d) the susceptible host 2. Describe how one could break the chain of cholera, such as breaking the pathogen link, by providing a specific intervention. 3. Include references and relevant data.arrow_forward
- Endotoxin is associated witha) Gram-positive bacteria.b) Gram-negative bacteria.c) the cytoplasmic membrane.d) endospores.arrow_forwardDescribe in detail the exotoxin and endotoxin with examples and diagrams. note: please write as much as you can, the more the betterarrow_forwardDefine the term pathogen. Using MRSA, NOROVIRUS, ATHLETES FOOT and MALARIA as examples, identify the microorganisms (causal agent) involved in each disease. Provide some information on the microorganism for each disease e.g. structure Discuss 3 routes of entry that disease causing organisms use to enter the body.arrow_forward
- Define 43-kDa connexinarrow_forwardWhich of the following is NOT true of bacterial exotoxins? 1. Important in the pathogenesis of many human diseases 2. Their toxic effect can be systemic, affecting cells distant from the primary site of infection 3. None of the other four answers (All are true of bacterial exotoxins) 4. Different exotoxins may affect different types of cells (e.g., nerves, gastrointestinal mucosa) 5. Some exotoxins have two components, A (active) and B (binding)arrow_forwardWhich one of the following categories for antibacterial agents is most likely to have toxic side effects for humans? a) disruptors of cell membrane structure b) inhibitors of cell wall synthesis Oc) inhibitors of protein synthesis d) antimetabolites RESET e) inhibitors of DNA synthesis Cancel Donearrow_forward
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