Concept explainers
Toindicate:
The stage, in the given figure, where vaccination would be more effective and where natural infection would play a role.
Concept introduction:
The primary response is generated when the body first exposed to an antigen. It is characterized by the IgM and IgE. The secondary response or memory response is generated, when the body subsequently exposed to the same antigen antibodies appears in a very high amount. The antibodies generated are primarily IgG and memory B cells.
Vaccine was first discovered by the Edward Jenner. Vaccine is a biological preparation thathelps in the formation of active acquired immunity, to a particular disease. A vaccine accounts for disease-causing microbes. It is prepared by an antigenic substance or by the attenuated causative agents.
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Microbiology: A Systems Approach
- Please explain in detailsarrow_forwardWhich of the following is NOT an example of non-specific (innate) resistance mechanisms interacting directly with specific acquired immunity mechanisms? what option below is the answer? Antibodies binding to bacterial surface antigens, coating (opsonizing) the bacteria and enhancing their phagocytosis by leukocytes Macrophages and dendritic cells presenting antigens to lymphocytes None of the other four answers (All are examples of interaction between innate and acquired resistance) Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity Complement being activated by antigen-antibody bindingarrow_forwardMatch the types of immunity written on the table with the descriptions below. Write the number corresponding to the type. 1. Innate 3. Natural-active 5. Natural- passive 7. Antibody-mediated 2. Acquired Adaptive 4. Artificial-active 6. Artificial-passive 8. Cell-mediated 1. The body is producing antibodies as a result of bacterial infection. 2. An adaptive immune response involving T lymphocytes. 3. It occurs when we receive vaccines of attenuated antigens. 4. This immunity is highly specific to the pathogen; has a memory. 5. This involves the B lymphocytes that give rise to antibodies. 6. This is a generalized defense against all foreign invaders. 7. It happens when a person receives infusion of gamma globulins. 8. It is passed on from the mother onto a fetus through placenta.arrow_forward
- All of the following are true of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) EXCEPT: which option below is the answer? None of the other four answers (All are true statements about APCs) They can interact directly with lymphocytes They include macrophages and dendritic cells APCs by themselves cannot distinguish between different microbial antigens, remember them later, or respond specifically to them They are non-specific cells and they play no role in activating or triggering specific immune responsesarrow_forwardThe figure below shows the primary and secondary immune responses to an antigen. Which of the following is NOT shown or implied by this figure? Antibody titer in serum (arbitrary units) - 1st Ag Exposure IgM IgG 14 Time (days) - 2nd Ag Exposure 21 58 65 None of the other four answers (All are shown or implied by the figure) IgG is the predominant class of antibody produced after second exposure to the Ag The second exposure to an Ag results in higher IgG levels than the first exposure IgM is the first class of antibody produced after first exposure to the Ag Memory B cells produced upon the first exposure to an Ag can react quickly to subsequent exposures to the same Ag 72arrow_forwardF 4 This paper will test your knowledge and ability to gather, analyse and interpret data from experimental immunology. Laboratory Scenario: Individuals infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) mount protective antibody responses directed against surface glycoproteins of the virus. These antibodies are critical to viral clearance. The act to neutralise any virus trying to infect a person's cells as well as activating the classical pathway of complement and cytotoxic cell- mediated killing of infected target cells. Having a deficiency in the complement component C3 greatly impairs a person's ability to control HSV infections. To understand this further, you will investigate this in the lab. Using C3-deficient mice, you infect them with HSV at day 0 and then a second time 4 weeks later. % 5 D F5 Anti-HSV IgG Ab (μg/ml)arrow_forwardIllustrate the development of T-cells and B-cells comparing the stages and steps in these two processes. Draw the two schematics side by side to align the comparative stages (progenitors to mature cells) and steps and point out the key common mechanisms and differences if any. This needs to be a labeled drawing please.arrow_forwardFor which disease active and passive immunization (antibodies) is given simultaneously? Explain how effective this strategy would be and whyarrow_forwardDescribe in detail what is meant by a "self- restricted/ self-tolerant" T cell. A diagram is helpful here.arrow_forwardFor the diagram below, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT: Antigen- binding site V C Heavy chain V Light chain S.S. Fc (stem) region c C Hinge region None of the other four answers (All are true statements) Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) are composed of four protein molecules, two identical "light" chains and two identical "heavy" chains Antigens bind to the "stem", composed of the constant regions of the two "heavy" chains The variable (V) regions form the antigen binding sites The constant (C) regions determine class of antibodyarrow_forwardPast paperarrow_forwardcontrast the difference between the adaptive and innate immune system. What cells are involved, which one is most specific and which one is responsible for long lasting immunity. Try to include as much detail as possible when contrasting these two arms of the immune system.arrow_forwardarrow_back_iosSEE MORE QUESTIONSarrow_forward_ios
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