Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
16th Edition
ISBN: 9781119662792
Author: Tortora, Gerard J., DERRICKSON, Bryan H.
Publisher: WILEY
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Chapter 15, Problem 14CP
Summary Introduction
To review:
The sympathetic response for the given body parts in a frightening situation.
Hair follicles
Iris of eye
Lungs
Spleen
Adrenal medullae
Urinary bladder
Stomach
Intestines
Gallbladder
Liver
Heart
Arterioles of abdominal viscera
Arterioles of skeletal muscles
Introduction:
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) enhances sympathetic response in the situation of emotional or physical stress. During such situations, the sympathetic division of ANS dominates the parasympathetic nervous system and affect different organs of the body differently.
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Discuss why the sympathetic system is called the “fight-or-flight” system. Construct a table summarizing what occurs in each of the following body systems when the sympathetic system is stimulated. Explain why these responses occur. Body systems: cardiovascular, respiratory, eyes, skin, gastrointestinal, urinary, and immune.
Indicate the results of sympathetic activation of the following structures: sweat glands, eye pupils, adrenal medullae, heart, bronchioles of the lungs, liver, blood vessels of vigorously working skeletal muscles, blood vessels of digestive viscera, salivary glands.
Briefly compare autonomic neurons to somatic motor neurons in terms of types of effectors, number of neurons forming the pathway, speed of conduction along fibers, and neurotransmitters released. Compare and contrast the basic details of sympathetic pathways to different body regions and the details of parasympathetic pathways to the same regions (especially the length of the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic fibers and relative locations of the ganglia).
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Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
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- Sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers release the neurotransmitter:arrow_forwardIdentify the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems have on the following: heart, bronchial smooth muscle, bronchial glands, salivary glands, stomach, intestines, and eyes.arrow_forwardDescribe the effect of sympathetic innervation on each effector organ, especially the heart, blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, adrenal medulla, and external genitalia.arrow_forward
- Describe the sympathetic vasomotor tone: its origin, the neurotransmitter and receptor responsible for the effect. What is the physiological significance of the sympathetic tone?arrow_forwardDescribe the sympathetic vasomotor tone: its origin, the neurotransmitter and receptor responsible for the effect.arrow_forwardIn the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system: Select one: The ratio between the number of postganglionic and preganglionic neurons is small. A single preganglionic neuron usually synapses with a single postganglionic neuron. An important functional characteristic is convergence of the preganglionic fibers. Preganglionic fibers are usually much longer than the postganglionic fibers. Activity of the neurons tends to have a more generalized and widespread effect on the body.arrow_forward
- Which sentence is accurate? Postganglionic and preganglionic fibers located in the sympathetic division are the same length. Postganglionic and preganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic are the same length. Postganglionic fibers are known to be shorter than preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division. Postganglionic fibers are known to be shorter than preganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division.arrow_forwardIdentify the effects of sympathetic nervous systems have on the following heart,bronchial smooth muscel,bronchial glands,and eyes.arrow_forwardClassify the following characteristics to demonstrate your knowledge of differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic Nervous System Most ganglia lie close to the spinal cord and form two chains of ganglia-one on each side of the spinal cord Increases intestinal motility and stimulates intestinal secretion Postganglionic axons are generally short Preganglionic axons are generally short Postganglionic axons release NE that binds to adrenergic receptors located on the effectors Decreases heart rate, contractility, and conduction velocity Ganglia lie within, or very close to, innervated organs Decreases intestinal motility and inhibits intestinal secretion Long preganglionic axons release ACh that binds to nicotinic receptors located within the ganglia Neurons leave the CNS from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord Parasympathetic Nervous System Generalized activation is called the fight-or-flight response…arrow_forward
- Relate each of the following terms or phrases to either the sympathetic (S) or parasympathetic (P) division of the autonomic nervous system:arrow_forwardA patient’s heart is beating unusually slowly. Which of the following are possible explanations? (More than one may be correct) Parasympathetic system is overactive Parasympathetic system is underactive Sympathetic system is overactive Sympathetic system is underactivearrow_forwardMatch the following effects and statements to the correct division of the autonomic nervous system. Select "Both" if the statement or effect is true of both divisions. "Resting and digesting" division Innervate most major organs of the body Increases heart rate Constricts pupils Innervates most blood vessels Regulate smooth muscle and cardiac muscle ANSWER OPTIONS: Parasympathetic, Sympathetic, BOTHarrow_forward
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