BIOLOGY:THE ESSENTIALS (LL) W/CONNECT
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781260670929
Author: Hoefnagels
Publisher: MCG CUSTOM
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Chapter 14, Problem 7WIO
Examine the cladogram in figure 14.17 and answer the following questions:
| a. | Which taxon is most closely related to birds? |
| b. | Are lizards more closely related to crocodiles or turtles? |
| c. | Which taxon is ancestral to all the others? |
| d. | Redraw the tree so that birds are next to mammals without changing the evolutionary relationships among any of the taxa |
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Consider the cladogram shown.
1. Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synamorphies)?
2. Which species has the greatest number of ancestral character states (plesiomorphies)?
The figure shows a phylogenetic tree of various members of the order Proboscidea, which includes modern elephants. Which of the following claims is best supported by the information in the figure ?
a.The mastodon and the Stegodon diverged from their common ancestor 22 million years ago.
b.The common ancestor of the African elephant and the mastodon is the Palaeomastodon.
c.The mammoth diverged from its most recent common ancestor with African elephants before the mastodon diverged from its most recent common ancestor with Stegodons.
d.The Asian and African elephants are the most closely related species shown on the tree.
Construct a cladogram that provides one hypothesis about the evolutionary history for these 6 taxa. Be sure to map each of the character states for every taxon represented in the character matrix. See tips below to help get you started. You can insert a photo of a hand drawn cladogram or create one on your device. Keep in mind that cladograms are hypotheses, there are many different cladograms that can be constructed.
a) Which characteristics were identified as homoplasies on your cladogram?
b)
Chapter 14 Solutions
BIOLOGY:THE ESSENTIALS (LL) W/CONNECT
Ch. 14.1 - How are macroevolution and microevolution related?Ch. 14.1 - Prob. 2MCCh. 14.1 - What are some of the challenges in defining...Ch. 14.2 - Prob. 1MCCh. 14.2 - Write a real or fictitious example other than...Ch. 14.3 - Prob. 1MCCh. 14.3 - Prob. 2MCCh. 14.3 - Prob. 3MCCh. 14.4 - Prob. 1MCCh. 14.4 - Prob. 2MC
Ch. 14.5 - Prob. 1MCCh. 14.5 - Prob. 2MCCh. 14.5 - Prob. 3MCCh. 14.6 - Describe the taxonomic hierarchy.Ch. 14.6 - What are the strengths of a cladistics approach...Ch. 14.6 - Distinguish between ancestral and derived...Ch. 14 - Macroevolution is distinct from microevolution in...Ch. 14 - The biological species concept defines species...Ch. 14 - A mule is the offspring of a male donkey and a...Ch. 14 - Prob. 4MCQCh. 14 - Prob. 5MCQCh. 14 - Prob. 6MCQCh. 14 - Prob. 7MCQCh. 14 - Prob. 8MCQCh. 14 - Prob. 9MCQCh. 14 - Prob. 10MCQCh. 14 - How has the meaning of the term species changed...Ch. 14 - What type of reproductive barrier applies to each...Ch. 14 - Prob. 3WIOCh. 14 - Polyploidy is a common mechanism of speciation in...Ch. 14 - How does natural selection predict a gradualistic...Ch. 14 - Prob. 6WIOCh. 14 - Examine the cladogram in figure 14.17 and answer...Ch. 14 - Prob. 8WIOCh. 14 - Prob. 9WIOCh. 14 - Prob. 1SLCh. 14 - Prob. 1PITCh. 14 - Prob. 2PITCh. 14 - Prob. 3PIT
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- Construct a cladogram that provides one hypothesis about the evolutionary history for these 6 taxa. Be sure to map each of the character states for every taxon represented in the character matrix. See tips below to help get you started. You can insert a photo of a hand drawn cladogram or create one on your device. Keep in mind that cladograms are hypotheses, there are many different cladograms that can be constructed. a) Which characteristics were identified as homoplasies on your cladogram? b) Now that your tree has been constructed, how confident do you feel in your hypothesis and why?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true regarding the way we define clades with characters? Select one: a. Autapomorphies are good characters to use because they describe every lineage of the clade and no other lineages b. Plesiomorphies are good characters to use because they describe every lineage of the clade and no other lineages c. Synapomorphies are good characters to use because they describe every lineage of the clade and no other lineages Please give me the correct answer quickly I will give you upvotearrow_forwardSuppose a new monkey species, Species A, has just been discovered. You are a primatologist, and you are trying to determine its phylogenetic position. You are sure its closest relatives are Species B and Species C, but you want to know which one it is more closely related to or if it is equally closely related to both. You are using Species D, a more distant relative, as the outgroup. You have come up with a list of ten characters you think will be useful in resolving this phylogeny, and you have determined the character state of each species for each character. The character states are: (in image below) Estimate the phylogeny of these taxa by plotting the changes on each of the three possible phylogenies for species A, B, and C and determining which tree requires the fewest evolutionary changes. HINT: First, review the carnivorans problem in Section 4.3 of the Zimmer and Emlen textbook. To solve the above problem, assume the outgroup has the ancestral character state for each…arrow_forward
- For the Xenites, consider what appear to be homologies and analogies. Figure out the order of evolution of each character. You have been given reason to believe that, based on the fossil record, Xenite A is the ancestral species. Create your cladogram for the Xenites. Identify which derived characters were homologies or analogies. Explain the evolutionary history of the organisms shown by your tree. How did you use evidence to create your cladogram?arrow_forwardWhat is a cladogram? A cladogram is a diagram that shows relations among organisms. A cladogram uses lines that branch to end at groups of organisms with a common ancestor. The image shows the relationship among groups A, B, and C. Closely related organisms will have one or more SHARED TRAITS, indicated by the green and orange circles. 1. Which two organisms are most closely related? 2. The green dot indicates a trait that is shared by every animal on the diagram. Suggest a trait that would apply. 3. Animals A & B share a trait that animal C does not have, indicated by the orange circle. Suggest a trait that would apply. Source: https//commons wikimedia org/wiki/File Identical cladograms svg B.arrow_forwardHelp me pleasearrow_forward
- Assuming chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and humans (Homo sapiens) are more closely related to each other than either is to gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), which of the following cladograms is correct? a. B b. A c. neither is correct d. both are correctarrow_forwardYou want to construct a cladogram for all species of ducks, which are Birds (Aves). Explain why "presence of feathers" would not be a useful character trait to use to reconstruct their evolutionary relationships.arrow_forwardDraw a phylogenetic tree based on characters 1-5 in the table below. Place hatch marks on the tree to indicate the origin of characters 1-6. Assume that tuna and dolphins are sister species and redraw the phylogenetic tree accordingly. Use hatch marks to indicate the origin of characters 1-6. How many evolutionary changes are required in each tree? Which tree is most parsimonious? Character Lancelet (outgroup) Lamprey Tuna Salamander Turtle Leopard Dolphin 1. Backbone 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2. Hinged Jaw 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 3. Four Limbs 0 0 0 1 1 1 1* 4. Amnion 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 5. Milk 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 6. Dorsal fin 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 *Dolphins have 4 limbs (2 fins and 2 hind limb buds as embryos)arrow_forward
- A 2015 article in Nature has summarized the early history of jawed vertebrates using highlights from recent discoveries and how they have changed our understanding of vertebrate evolution. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140416133336.htm Question: Given these recent discoveries, how should the cladogram below change? Describe it. It will likely be helpful to reference a synapomorphy noted on the cladogram.arrow_forwardA phylogenetic tree is different from a cladogram in that ... Group of answer choices A: it shows that all species are not related to a common ancestor, but each has a distinct archetype. B: it represents the time scale of evolution, including where extinct species fit in. C: it uses an outgroup to compare a small group of species that exhibit similar traits D: it is not based on genetic or morphological evidence.arrow_forwardFrom the given cladogram, answer the ff: a. Which character evolved first: keratinized skin or bipedalism? Explain.b. On the cladogram, circle the node that represents the most recent common ancestor of dinosaurs and birds.c. True or False: Turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, and dinosaurs form a clade. Explain.arrow_forward
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