Human Anatomy & Physiology (2nd Edition)
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780134553511
Author: Erin C. Amerman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 14, Problem 2CYU
You are running a race to the top of a mountain. Explain all the changes your sympathetic nervous system will initiate to maintain homeostasis as you run the race.
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b) The diagram in Figure 5 shows the difference between negative feedback and positive feedback.
Negative feedback
Receptor
Effector
Departure
from
Return to
resting level
Resting
level
Positive feedback
Further departure
from resting level
Receptor
Effector
Departure
from
Resting
level
FIGURE 5
iii) It is said that the initiation of an Action Potential is an example of positive feedback. With reference to
the process involved, state why you think this statement is accurate?
We regularly make conscious decisions to make specific muscular movements. For example,
when using the touch interface of your phone, you make a conscious effort to scroll up and down
the screen using your finger.
In contrast, there are many muscular movements that cannot be controlled voluntarily. For
example, you cannot make your heart stop by thinking about it.
Which of the following statements correctly identifies the parts of the nervous system that are
involved in voluntary and involuntary actions, respectively?
Select one:
a. Motor neurons of the somatic nervous system and motor neurons of the autonomic nervous
system
b. Motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system and sensory neurons of the somatic
nervous system
c. Sensory neurons of the somatic nervous system and sensory neurons of the autonomic
nervous system
d. Sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system and motor neurons of the autonomic
nervous system
b) You are a contestant on the game show "Who wants to be a millionaire?". You must answer
one final question. If you get the question right, you will win a million dollars, but if you get it
wrong, you will get nothing. As the host prepares to read the question, your heart rate increases
and your muscles start trembling. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is conducting
the actions potentials to the heart and muscles in this case?
Division responsible:
/1
c) In 2013, the United Nations confirmed that sarin had been used in a chemical warfare attack in
Damascus that resulted in hundreds of deaths including men, women, and children. BBC News.
(Sept. 2013). Syria chemical attack:what we know. Retrieved from
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-23927399
Sarin works by inhibiting an enzyme known as acetylcholine esterase, whose job is to break
down acetylcholine in the synapses. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is likely to
be most affected during a sarin gas…
Chapter 14 Solutions
Human Anatomy & Physiology (2nd Edition)
Ch. 14.1 - What are the basic functions of the ANS?Ch. 14.1 - 2. What are autonomic ganglia?
Ch. 14.1 - How do somatic motor neurons and autonomic neurons...Ch. 14.1 - 4. What are preganglionic and postganglionic...Ch. 14.1 - What are the two divisions of the ANS?Ch. 14.1 - How are the two divisions of the ANS alike, and...Ch. 14.2 - 1. Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic...Ch. 14.2 - Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic...Ch. 14.2 - Which neurotransmitter(s) is (are) released by...Ch. 14.2 - Prob. 4QC
Ch. 14.2 - Describe the effects of the sympathetic nervous...Ch. 14.2 - Prob. 6QCCh. 14.3 - What is the basic function of the parasympathetic...Ch. 14.3 - Where are the preganglionic parasympathetic cell...Ch. 14.3 - How does the arrangement of neurons in the...Ch. 14.3 - 4. Which neurotransmitter is released by all...Ch. 14.3 - Prob. 5QCCh. 14.3 - Prob. 6QCCh. 14.3 - Summarize the effects of the parasympathetic...Ch. 14.4 - Prob. 1QCCh. 14.4 - Prob. 2QCCh. 14.4 - 3. What is autonomic tone?
Ch. 14.4 - How does the CNS mediate control over the ANS?Ch. 14 - Which of the following best describes the basic...Ch. 14 - 2. Fill in the blanks: The sympathetic nervous...Ch. 14 - 3. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse:
a....Ch. 14 - Differentiate between adrenergic and cholinergic...Ch. 14 - Prob. 5CYRCh. 14 - Explain what happens when sympathetic neurons...Ch. 14 - Prob. 7CYRCh. 14 - Mark each of the following as an effect of the...Ch. 14 - Mark the following statements as true or false. If...Ch. 14 - 10. Fill in the blanks: _______receptors are...Ch. 14 - Parasympathetic ganglia are typically: a. located...Ch. 14 - Central nervous system control over the ANS is...Ch. 14 - 1. Using 20 or fewer words, define each of the...Ch. 14 - You are running a race to the top of a mountain....Ch. 14 - 3. Describe all the changes initiated by the...Ch. 14 - 1. Which cranial nerves would be affected by a...Ch. 14 - 2. A patient, Dr. Young, has both asthma and high...Ch. 14 - Mr. Chevalier has been diagnosed with Horner...Ch. 14 - Many chemical warfare agents, such as the...
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- Figure 35.26 Which of the following statements is false? The parasympathetic pathway is responsible for relaxing the body, while the sympathetic pathway is responsible for preparing for an emergency. Most preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic pathway originate in the spinal cord. Slowing of the heartbeat is a parasympathetic response. Parasympathetic neurons are responsible for releasing norepinephrine on the target organ, while sympathetic neurons are responsible for releasing acetylcholine.arrow_forwardA stimulus causes a change in permeability of neural membranes, which begins the process of transmitting an impulse. If the stimulus reaches the threshold potential of a neuron, an action potential is generated. Select the numbers of the statements below that occur once the threshold potential is reached. 1. Sodium ions flow into the neuron. 2. Sodium ions flow out of the neuron. 3. The membrane potential becomes positive. 4. The membrane potential becomes negative. 5. Voltage-gated potassium channels open. 6. Voltage-gated potassium channels close. 7. Potassium ions flow into the neuron. 8. Potassium ions flow out of the neuron. Place the numbers in order from the first event to the last event: andarrow_forwardLong-term aerobic training has been shown to alter the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. These changes include increased stroke volume and reduced resting heart rate. Explain how the enhanced parasympathetic activity would result in these adaptations.arrow_forward
- In muscles, acetylcholine is released by the _________________________and opens specific channels that allow the ion ______ to depolarize the membrane. motor neuron, sodium motor neuron, potassium muscle fibril, sodium muscle fibril, potassiumarrow_forwardExplain a technique to activate your parasympathetic nervous system. Why would you want to do this?arrow_forward"Patient X is a 60 year old female who exhibits increased muscle tone and a resting tremor. Patient was diagnosed to have Parkinson's Disease. As a student taking physiology, which of the following statements about inhibitory circuits is correct? " a Inhibitory circuits facilitate the actions of stimulatory circuits by inhibiting muscle activty in antagonist muscles. b Inhibitory circuits stimulate random movements of the trunk and limbs. c "Inhibitory circuits increase muscle tone when the body, limbs, and head are at rest. " d All of the above are correct.arrow_forward
- If you inhibit the closing of sodium channels what do you predict the effect on neuronal function will be? If you inhibit the closing of sodium channels what do you predict the effect on neuronal function will be? Hyper-excitability: more sodium ions flow into the cell, causing neurons to fire more readily Hypo-excitability: more sodium ions flow into the cell, causing neurons not to fire as readily Less sodium is pumped out of the cell, slowing down return to the resting state Sodium ions are toxic to neurons, leading to cell proliferationarrow_forwardThe venom of some cobras contains a mixture of substances that have a variety of physiological effects. One substance in the venom works by preventing acetylcholine from binding to muscle receptors. Which of the following describes the effect of the venom on the prey of the cobra? Question 5 options: Muscle contractions are prevented, causing paralysis. Muscle contractions occur, but refractory periods would be longer. Action potentials are continuously generated, causing tetanus. Weak muscle contractions occur but are limited by ATP production by glycolysis.arrow_forwardYou are a famous researcher working in your lab. You isolate a piece of muscle (call it Muscle A) and examine its innervations. You find a short preganglionic neuron synapsing onto a long postganglionic neuron, which synapses onto the muscle. Then you examine Muscle B and find a single neuron innervating it. Remembering your favourite physiology class, you instantly recognize what types of neuronal connections you will find on both Muscle A and Muscle B. First give 2 characteristics of the synapse onto Muscle A. Then give 2 ways in which the synapse of Muscle B will be different.arrow_forward
- Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder that causes the destruction of myelin sheaths surrounding neurons. People with MS display many symptoms, including slurred speech, double vision, and poor muscle coordination. What is the direct effect of MS on nerve impulse transmission? Select one: The movement of impulses along neurons is slower than normal. Dendrites cannot be stimulated by acetylcholine, therefore impulses are not generated in neurons. The threshold level of stimulation for neurons is greater than normal. Axons cannot sectete acetylcholine, therefore impulses are not able to travel across synapses. Oarrow_forwardHow would antibodies against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) affect the influx of sodium (Na+) into a skeletal muscle cell? Group of answer choices These antibodies would target nAChRs for destruction leading to lower sodium influx in muscle cells. These antibodies would target nAChRs, changing their shape to allow calcium instead of sodium through. These antibodies would target nAChRs, changing their shape to allow only potassium through. These antibodies would target nAChRs aiding acetylcholine in its binding to receptors, leading to increased sodium influx in muscle cells. pick one answerarrow_forwardIt is 2 am in the morning and I hear a noise downstairs. As I walk downstairs (in the dark) I step on a Lego (a single Lego can withstand 950 lbs of pressure). What is the sequence of how the nervous system relays the info thus ending with me screaming and jumping up. 1 [ Choose ] [ Choose ] CNS integrates information sensory receptors in foot Motor neuron transmits information 4. sensory neuron sends information to the CNS Muscles in legs respond [ Choose ]arrow_forward
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