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The venom of some cobras contains a mixture of substances that have a variety of physiological effects. One substance in the venom works by preventing acetylcholine from binding to muscle receptors. Which of the following describes the effect of the venom on the prey of the cobra?
Question 5 options:
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Muscle contractions are prevented, causing paralysis. |
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Muscle contractions occur, but refractory periods would be longer. |
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Action potentials are continuously generated, causing tetanus. |
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Weak muscle contractions occur but are limited by ATP production by glycolysis. |
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- In a combination of excitatory or inhibitory synaptic connections the following is true it is poorly exemplified by the stretch reflex during a knee jerk in the stretch reflex circuit the biceps or flexor muscle gets activated in the stretch reflex circuit the quadriceps or extensor muscle gets activated an inhibitory interneuron inhibits the flexor motor neuron an inhibitory interneuron inhibits the extensor motor neuron motor neuronClostridium botulinum is a bacteria that produces a toxin. The toxin is deadly to most animals, because it prevents vesicle movement inside the axons of motor neurons. If a person were to consume food contaminated with Clostridium botulinum, which of the following would most likely occur? flaccid paralysis because their motor neurons would not be able to conduct action potentials along their axons. spastic paralysis because their motor neurons would release too much acetylcholine at the synapse with a muscle fiber spastic paralysis because their motor neurons would conduct too many action potentials along their axons. flaccid paralysis because their motor neurons would not be able to release acetylcholine at the synapse with a muscle fiberAlcohol addiction is a condition in which a person experiencesdependent on alcohol and difficult to control its consumption. On the other hand, excessive alcohol consumption in the long term can cause disturbances in brain performance, including disturbances in memory, attention, coordination, and locomotion. How does alcohol affect the functioning of nerve cells and the central nervous system? What is the mechanism that occurs? Based on information from the literature, analyze what will happen to coordination and locomotion in someone who is addicted to alcohol and consumes large amounts of alcohol over a long period of time.
- Spastic paralysis (resulting from the failure of muscles to relax), induced by the neurotoxin strychnine, occurs when this poison blocks the binding of: the excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine to post-synaptic sodium channels the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to post-synaptic calcium channels the excitatory neurotransmitter serotonin to post-synaptic potassium channels the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine to post-synaptic chloride channels the inhibitory neurotransmitter melatonin to post-synaptic bicarbonate channelsHow would antibodies against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) affect the influx of sodium (Na+) into a skeletal muscle cell? Group of answer choices These antibodies would target nAChRs for destruction leading to lower sodium influx in muscle cells. These antibodies would target nAChRs, changing their shape to allow calcium instead of sodium through. These antibodies would target nAChRs, changing their shape to allow only potassium through. These antibodies would target nAChRs aiding acetylcholine in its binding to receptors, leading to increased sodium influx in muscle cells. pick one answerMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder that causes the destruction of myelin sheaths surrounding neurons. People with MS display many symptoms, including slurred speech, double vision, and poor muscle coordination. What is the direct effect of MS on nerve impulse transmission? Select one: The movement of impulses along neurons is slower than normal. Dendrites cannot be stimulated by acetylcholine, therefore impulses are not generated in neurons. The threshold level of stimulation for neurons is greater than normal. Axons cannot sectete acetylcholine, therefore impulses are not able to travel across synapses. O
- Which of the following stimuli (s) produces only a local potential and no action potential? Group of answer options Maximum stimuli Threshold stimuli Below the threshold (subthreshold) Supramaximal stimuliDemyelination is the loss of myelin from neurones that are normally myelinated. Multiple sclerosis is a disease in which demyelination occurs in neurones involved in coordinating muscle movement. Using your knowledge of nerve impulse generation and propagation, explain how nerve impulse generation and propagation would be affected in people who have multiple sclerosis. The explanation needs to be in the form of a step by step sequence of annotated drawings. This could be in the form of an annotated cartoon/picture strip. Compare this to nerve impulse generation and propagation in an individual who does not have multiple sclerosis.What signals are sent around the body of a sprinter when he or she is about to start? Start with the sound from the gun. If a sprinter starts less than 0.1 second (one tenth of a second) after the start shot, he or she will be discarded. Why is the rule like that? Why do we call the nervous system a "signal system?" Can you compare it to anything else? Why is it especially important to protect the spine, for example in sports such as skiing and cross? What can be the consequences of an injury to the spine?
- A neuron of the median giant fiber of an earthworm would respond to an increased intensity of a stimulus by: Increasing the amplitude of action potentials generated Increasing its resting membrane potential Increasing the frequency of action potentials generated Increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials generatedWhich of the following statements regarding the motor end plate in the somatic motor division of the nervous system is true? After the activation of voltage-gated calcium channels, the neuron releases ACh onto the muscarinic receptors on the surface of the highly folded area of the muscle fibre. The preganglionic nerve fibre releases ACh onto the postganglionic nerve fibre, which then releases ACh onto the cholinergic receptors of the motor end plate. Chemically gated monovalent cation channels on the motor end plate are activated once the motor neuron releases ACh onto the nicotinic receptors on the surface of the muscle cell. The AChE enzyme enhances the amount of ACh released into the neuromuscular junctionAre these true or false? Acetylcholine molecules are actively transported from the axon to their receptors on the muscle membrane by special transport proteins. Receptors on the post-synaptic cell membrane that bind the acetylcholine are voltage-gated channels (channels that open in response to a change in the electrical charge of the membrane). When a muscle cell is not contracting its cell membrane is negative on the inner surface. The effect of a neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to modify its ion permeability properties temporarily. During depolarization, a small region of the muscle cell's membrane becomes less negative on the inside." Both sodium and potassium are more concentrated in the extracellular fluid than the intracellular fluid. After an action potential passes over a region of the sarcolemma the region remains positively charged throughout the entire muscle contraction. An increase in the calcium ion level in the cytosol causes thin filaments to begin…