(a)
Interpretation: The stress on haemoglobin equilibrium when an athlete arrives at high altitude needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction: The relationship between concentration of reactants and products of a reaction in equilibrium with respect to some unit is said to be equilibrium expression. It is the expression that gives ratio between products and reactants. The expression is:
(b)
Interpretation: The direction at which haemoglobin equilibrium shifts should be determined.
Concept introduction: According to LeChatlier's principle, when a dynamic equilibrium is subjected to a change in either concentration or temperature or pressure, then the position of equilibrium will shift in such a direction that it nullifies the change.
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Basic Chemistry
- A mixture initially consisting of 2 mol CO and 2 mol H2 comes to equilibrium with methanol, CH3OH, as the product: CO(g)+2H2(g)CH3OH(g) At equilibrium, the mixture will contain which of the following? a less than 1 mol CH3OH b 1 mol CH3OH c more than 1 mol CH3OH but less than 2 mol d 2 mol CH3OH e more than 2 mol CH3OHarrow_forwardThe decomposition of NH4HS, NH 4 HS( s )NH3( g )+ H 2 S( g ) is an endothermic process. Using Le Chatelier's principle, explain how increasing the temperature would affect the equilibrium. If more NH4HS is added to a flask in which this equilibrium exists, how is the equilibrium affected? What if some additional NH3 is placed in the flask? What will happen to the pressure of NH3 if some H2S is removed from the flask?arrow_forwardConsider the following system: 4NH3(g)+3O2(g)2N2(g)+6H2O(l)H=153.04kJ (a) How will the amount of ammonia at equilibrium be affected by (1) removing O2(g) ? (2) adding N2(g)? (3) adding water N2(g) ? (4) expanding the container at constant pressure? (5) increasing the temperature? (b) Which of the above factors will increase the value of K? Which will decrease it?arrow_forward
- A chemist put 1.18 mol of substance A and 2.85 mol of substance B into a 10.0-L flask, which she then closed. A and B react by the following equation: A(g)+2B(g)3C(g)+D(g) She found that the equilibrium mixture at 25C contained 0.376 mol of D. How many moles of B are in the flask at equilibrium at 25C? a 2.47 mol b 3.60 mol c 2.52 mol d 2.10 mol e 2.41 molarrow_forwardWhat are all concentrations after a mixture that contains [H2O]=1.00M and [Cl2O]=1.00M comes to equilibrium at 25 C? H2O(g)+Cl2O(g)2HOCl(g)Kc=0.0900arrow_forwardWhat is Le Chteliers principle? Consider the reaction 2NOCI(g)2NO(g)+Cl2(g) If this reaction is at equilibrium. what happens when the following changes occur? a. NOCI(g) is added. b. NO(g) is added. c. NOCI(g) is removed. d. Cl2(g) is removed. e. The container volume is decreased. For each of these changes, what happens to the value of K for the reaction as equilibrium is reached again? Give an example of a reaction for which the addition or removal of one of the reactants or products has no effect on the equilibrium position. In general, how will the equilibrium position of a gas-phase reaction be affected if the volume of the reaction vessel changes? Are there reactions that will not have their equilibria shifted by a change in volume? Explain. Why does changing the pressure in a rigid container by adding an inert gas not shift the equilibrium position for a gas-phase reaction?arrow_forward
- In the following equilibrium in a closed system, indicate how the equilibrium is shifted by the indicated stress: HF(g)+H2O(l)H3O+(aq)+F(aq) (a) Additional HF(g) is added to the system. (b) Water is added. (c) Ca( NO3)2 solution is added, and CaF2 precipitates. (d) The volume is reduced. (e) KOH is added. (f) A catalyst is added.arrow_forward12.103 Methanol, CH3OH, can be produced by the reaction of CO with H2, with the liberation of heat. All species in the reaction are gaseous. What effect will each of the following have on the equilibrium concentration of CO? (a) Pressure is increased, (b) volume of the reaction container is decreased, (c) heat is added, (d) the concentration of CO is increased, (e) some methanol is removed from the container, and (f) H2 is added.arrow_forwardConsider the reaction N2O4(g)2NO2(g). Draw a graph illustrating the changes of concentrations of N2O4 and NO2 as equilibrium is approached. Describe how the rates of the forward and reverse reactions change as the mixture approaches dynamic equilibrium. Why is this called a dynamic equilibrium?arrow_forward
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