Chemistry: An Atoms-Focused Approach
14th Edition
ISBN: 9780393912340
Author: Thomas R. Gilbert, Rein V. Kirss, Natalie Foster
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Balance the following equations and express the rate of the following reactions in terms of the change in concentration of the reactants pr products.
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Chapter 13 Solutions
Chemistry: An Atoms-Focused Approach
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- The equation for the oxidation of phosphorus in air is P4(s) + 5 O2(g) P4O10(s). Identify the reactants and products and the stoichiometric coefficients. To what do the designations s and g refer?arrow_forwardConsider the two space shuttle fuel reactions in Exercises 81 and 82. Which reaction produces more energy per kilogram of reactant mixture (stoichiometric amounts)? 81. The reusable booster rockets of the space shuttle use a mixture of aluminum and ammonium perchlorate as fuel. A possible reaction is 3Al(s)+3NH4ClO4(s)Al2O3(s)+AlCl3(s)+3NO(g)+6H2O(g) Calculate H for this reaction 82. The space shuttle Orbiter utilizes the oxidation of methylhydrazine by dinitrogen tetroxide for propulsion: 4N2H3CH3(l)+5N2O4(l)12H2O(g)+9N2(g)+4CO2(g) Calculate H for this reactionarrow_forward4.80 The reaction shown below is used to destroy Freon-12 (CF2Cl2), preventing its release into the atmosphere. What mass of NaF will be formed if 250.0 kg of CF2Cl2 and 400.0 kg of Na2C2O4 are heated and allowed to react to completion? CF2Cl2+2Na2C2O42NaF+2NaCl+C+4CO2arrow_forward
- The reusable booster rockets of the space shuttle use a mixture of aluminum and ammonium perchlorate as fuel. A possible reaction is 3Al(s)+3NH4ClO4(s)Al2O3(s)+AlCl3(s)+3NO(g)+6H2O(g) Calculate H for this reactionarrow_forwardIn the synthesis of ammonia, if [H2]/t = 4.5 104 mol/L min, what is [NH3]/t? N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)arrow_forwardA rebreathing gas mask contains potassium superoxide, KO2, which reacts with moisture in the breath to give oxygen. 4KO2(s)+2H2O(l)4KOH(s)+3O2(g) Estimate the grams of potassium superoxide required to supply a persons oxygen needs for one hour. Assume a person requires 1.00 102 kcal of energy for this time period. Further assume that this energy can be equated to the heat of combustion of a quantity of glucose, C6H12O6, to CO2(g) and H2O(l). From the amount of glucose required to give 1.00 102 kcal of heat, calculate the amount of oxygen consumed and hence the amount of KO2 required. The ff0 for glucose(s) is 1273 kJ/mol.arrow_forward
- Consider the accompanying diagram. Ball A is allowed to fall and strike ball B. Assume that all of ball As energy is transferred to ball B at point I, and that there is no loss of energy to other sources. What is the kinetic energy and the potential energy of ball B at point II? The potential energy is given by PE = mgz, where m is the mass in kilograms, g is the gravitational constant (9.81 m/s2), and z is the distance in meters.arrow_forwardOne of the components of polluted air is NO. It is formed in the high-temperature environment of internal combustion engines by the following reaction: N2(g)+O2(g)2NO(g)H=180KJ Why are high temperatures needed to convert N2 and O2 to NO?arrow_forwardThe sugar glucose (C6H12O6) is broken down in a decomposition reaction to ethanol (C2H6O) and bubbles, CO2. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.arrow_forward
- The extraction of aluminum metal from the aluminum hydroxide found in bauxite by the Hall-Héroult process is one of the most remarkable success stories of 19th century chemistry, turning aluminum from a rare and precious metal into the cheap commodity it is today. In the first step, aluminum hydroxide reacts to form alumina Al2O3 and water: 2Al(OH)3(s) + Al2O3(s) -> 3H2O(g) In the second step, alumina Al2O3 and carbon react to form aluminum and carbon dioxide: 2Al2O3(s) + 3C(s) + 4Al(s) -> 3CO2(g) Suppose the yield of the first step is 74.% and the yield of the second step is 76.% . Calculate the mass of aluminum hydroxide required to make 4.0kg of aluminum. Be sure your answer has a unit symbol, if needed, and is rounded to the correct number of significant digits.arrow_forwardMagnesium nitrate and barium nitrate decompose similarly on heating and the reaction can be represented as follow: M(NO3)2 (s) --› MO (s) + 2NO2 (g) + ½O2 (g), where M = Mg or Ba (a) When Group 1 nitrates (with the exception of lithium nitrate) are strongly heated, the corresponding nitrite was formed along with a colorless gas which relights a glowing splint. (i) Write a balanced equation for the thermal decomposition of potassium nitrate. (ii) Unlike other Group 1 nitrates, lithium nitrate decomposes on heating in the same way as Group 2 nitrates. Suggest a reason for the difference in behaviour, and give an equation for its decomposition. (b) Zinc carbonate and magnesium carbonate decompose when heated to give similar products. (i) Suggest an equation for the thermal decomposition of magnesium carbonate. (ii) The radius of Zn2+ cation is 0.074 nm. Use the Data Booklet to deduce whether zinc carbonate will decompose at a higher or lower temperature than magnesium carbonate. Explain…arrow_forwardThe reaction of iron(III)sulphide (Fe2S3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) produces hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and Iron(III)Chloride (FeCl3). FeCl3 can then react with ammonia (NH3) and water to produce iron hydroxide Fe(OH)3 and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) . Write a balanced overall reaction for the two step process.arrow_forward
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