Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues (8th Edition)
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134042435
Author: Michael D. Johnson
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 11, Problem 1TY
Which of the following statements correctly characterizes an action potential?
a. Action potentials are initiated by depolarization of the membrane to threshold.
b. Action potentials reverse the membrane potential so that the interior is negatively charged and the exterior is positively charged.
c. A stronger action potential will travel faster than a weaker action potential.
d. Action potentials are more likely to result when the membrane is hyperpolarized.
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Which of the following is true about the conduction of action potentials?
a. Thicker axons are faster because there is more surface area on thicker axons.
b. Myelin speeds conduction because the glial cells add voltage gated Na+ channels to the neuron.
c. Diffusion of Na+ ions between the Nodes of Ranvier happens faster than the wave of opening and closing membrane proteins can travel.
d. Neurons that don’t have myelin sheaths undergo saltatory conduction
e. Action potentials move slowly.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. graded potentials can sum over time and space, action potential cannot
b. action potentials have refractory periods, graded potentials do not
c. action potentials are all-or-none, graded potentials are not
d. graded potentials and action potentials are caused by ions moving through open channels
e. all of the above statements are true (if all of the above are true this is the correct answer)
....
The presence of an electrical gradient is responsible for both the resting membrane potential and the action potential in the neuron.a. In this case who is responsible for maintaining the electric gradient to produce a potential for the resting membrane?b. Explain what is meant by an electrical gradient in the context of a cell (neuron)!
Chapter 11 Solutions
Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues (8th Edition)
Ch. 11 - Do you see any change in the popularity of high...Ch. 11 - Prob. 2QCCh. 11 -
1. Distinguish between the central nervous system...Ch. 11 - Explain what is meant by summation of graded...Ch. 11 - Describe, in terms of the opening and closing of...Ch. 11 - Prob. 4CRCh. 11 - Prob. 5CRCh. 11 -
6. List the three major divisions of the brain...Ch. 11 - Prob. 7CRCh. 11 - Prob. 8CR
Ch. 11 - Prob. 9CRCh. 11 - Prob. 10CRCh. 11 -
1. Which of the following statements correctly...Ch. 11 - Prob. 2TYCh. 11 - Prob. 3TYCh. 11 - What do multiple sclerosis and ALS (amyotropic...Ch. 11 - All of the following are directly involved in...Ch. 11 - An__________ neurotransmitter causes________ of...Ch. 11 - Prob. 7TYCh. 11 - Prob. 8TYCh. 11 - Prob. 9TYCh. 11 - Prob. 10TYCh. 11 - Prob. 11TYCh. 11 - Prob. 12TYCh. 11 - Prob. 13TYCh. 11 - Prob. 14TYCh. 11 - Prob. 15TYCh. 11 -
1. Explain in terms of brain anatomy and function...Ch. 11 - Prob. 2AWKCh. 11 - Prob. 3AWKCh. 11 - Prob. 4AWKCh. 11 - Prob. 5AWKCh. 11 - Prob. 6AWKCh. 11 - Prob. 7AWKCh. 11 -
8. Certain bacteria, such as those that cause...
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- Sequence the following list of events of a neuronal action potential by placing 1 next to the first event, 2 next to the second event, and so on. a. _____ The activation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels open, Na+ flood the cytoplasm, and depolarization occurs. b. _____ K+ continue to flow out of the axon until the membrane is hyperpolarized. c. _____ Local potentials cause the membrane to depolarize to threshold. d. _____ The inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close as voltage-gated K+ channels open, K+ begin to exit the axon, and repolarization begins. e. _____ Repolarization continues and Na+ channels return to restingarrow_forwardWhich of the following is TRUE regarding the absolute and relative refractory periods of the action potential (AP)? A. The absolute refractory period may be overcome if enough excitatory stimulation is applied to the neuronal membrane. B. The absolute refractory period is due the closing of the activation gate of voltage gated sodium channels at the peak of the AP. C. The relative refractory period is due to the closing of the activation gate of voltage gated potassium channels during the overshoot phase of the AP. D. The relative refractory period is due the closing of the inactivation gate of voltage gated sodium channels . E. All of the above statements are FALSE.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is TRUE of the action potential? A. At the peak of the action potential there are approximately an equal amount of open voltage gated sodium and potassium channels B. To reach threshold the action potential requires the activity of sodium potassium pump C. During the rising phase (prior to the peak) of the action potential more voltage gated sodium channels are open than voltage gated potassium channels D. None of the choice options are TRUE of the action potential E. The overshoot phase (below resting membrane potential) is a result of voltage gated sodium channels taking a long time to close.arrow_forward
- Post synaptic neurons membrane potentials are less negative than resting membrane potentials when this occur A. Creates a new set point for the resting membrane potential B. Has a lower propensity to produce an action potential C. Reacts by generating action potential D. Higher chance of reaching the potential thresholdarrow_forwardAny change in a neuron's membrane potential that moves the membrane potential to a value more negative than the resting potential (e.g. -120mv) is: a. Hypopolarization b. Depolarization c. An action potential d. HyperpolarizationNOTE: A IS INCORRECTarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements does NOT correctly describe the repolarization of a neuron? a. The potassium channels are slower to open, allowing the potassium ions to leave after depolarization. b. The potassium ions leave the cell, thereby returning the neuron to its resting potential. c. The neuron becomes more polarized and more negatively charged than its original resting membrane potential. d. The sodium and potassium channels open, allowing the positive ions to move out of the cell.arrow_forward
- Which of the following primarily reflects the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels? A. The resting membrane potential B. The depolarization phase of the action potential C. The threshold potential D. The repolarization phase of the action potential E. All of the abovearrow_forwardDuring an action potential, the inside of the cell membrane becomes more positive than the outside. Why does this happen? a. During depolarization, the sodium ions rush in and the potassium ions have not begun rushing out, making the inside more positive. b. During depolarization, the sodium ions rush in and the potassium ions have not begun rushing out, making the outside more positive. c. During depolarization, the potassium ions rush in and the sodium ions have begun rushing out, making the inside more positive. d. During depolarization, the sodium ions rush in and the potassium ions have begun rushing out, making the outside more positive.arrow_forwardDepolarization and repolarization changes that occur during the action potential are produced by a. Negative feedback loops b. Channel mediated transport c. Simple diffusion of ions down their concentration gradient d. Active transport pumps along the neuron membranearrow_forward
- There is a type of toxin found in the liver of the puffer fish that prevents the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels in neurons. The effect of this toxin is to: Group of answer choices A. prevents the initiation of the action potential B. depolarizes the membrane potential and maintains it depolarized C. prolongs the return of the membrane potential to the resting level D. increases the duration of the action potentialarrow_forwardRepolarization of an axon during an action potential is produced by a. inward diffusion of Na+. b. active extrusion of K+. c. outward diffusion of K+. d. inward active transport of Na+.arrow_forwardwhich of the following statements is false with regard to cell electrical impulses? a. an impulse begins when chloride ions are allowed to rush inside the cell b. depolarization is when the relative charges across the membrane have switched due to ions crossing the membrane c. repolarization refers only to the relative charges across the membrane being restored, even when the ion balance is not returned to normal yet d. ionic balance is brought back to resting potential by the sodium-potassium pumpsarrow_forward
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