A chemical called dioxin is produced as a by-product of some chemical manufacturing processes. This substance was present in Agent Orange, a defoliant sprayed on vegetation during the Vietnam War. There has been a continuing controversy over its effects on soldiers exposed to it during the war. Animal tests have suggested that dioxin can be lethal and can cause birth defects, cancer, organ damage, and immune system suppression. But its effects on humans are unclear, and even animal tests are inconclusive. Researchers have discovered that dioxin enters a cell and binds to a protein that in turn attaches to the cell’s DNA. How might this mechanism help explain the variety of dioxin’s effects? How might you determine whether a particular individual became ill as a result of exposure to dioxin?
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CAMPBEL BIOLOGY:CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
- A local community is experiencing a surge in lung cancer cases. Residents blame the increase on a chemical plant that opened last year.A number of pollutants emitted from the plant are found to be positive in the Ames Test. What are arguments against this plant being a cause of increased cancer incidences (limit 5-6 sentences)?arrow_forwardCellular reprogramming and induced pluripotent stem cells have allowed scientists to model various diseases and screen drugs in these in vitro models. Please select a disease that can be modeled through the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. 1) why is it important to model such a disease? please explain clearly with example Thank youarrow_forwardNanotechnology can provide alternatives to early detection of cancer cells, drug delivery, and injectable vaccines that to this day rely on healthcare professionals to administer What are 3 Cost and 3 Benefits of this?arrow_forward
- Should we conduct clinical trials on humans at all? Who should participate and is it truly possible to obtain informed consent? Should people with deadly diseases facing certain death have to wait for a clinical trial to test the efficacy of the drug if it shows to be promising in a lab? Would you consider this to be denying someone a treatment that "can't hurt" but can only help? Nb: Identify the reference use pleasearrow_forwardTTX is found in a variety of animals and is often used as a defense against predation. Puffer fish-a delicacy in Japanese cuisine-a well-known cause of accidental, sometimes fatal. TTX food poisoning in humans. A single newt killed three hunters after it got into their coffee pot. As the newt was boiled over the campfire, a substance on its skin-called tetrodotoxin (TTX)-contaminated the water to make a lethal brew . The newt's body was not eaten-- the campers simply drank water in which it was boiled If the poisoning resulted from drinking contaminated water alone, what does this tell you about the solubility and stability of the TTX present on the newt's skin?arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about our defenses to protect DNA are correct (select all that apply)? A. Genetic differences in GST enzymes may affect risk of cancer B. Reactive Oxygens species that damage DNA are removed by catalase C. On average, humans are exposed to more naturally occurring plant pesticides compared to man made pesticides. D. Cancer cells upregulate concentration of Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) to remove electrophilic compounds E. High levels of melanin are correlated with increased risk of skin cancerarrow_forward
- A group of researchers have isolated three novel compounds from the venom of a newly discovered species of wasp. Based on their structure and protein chemistry, the researchers believe that all three compounds may have strong anti-inflammatory activity and they have devised an experiment to test whether their compounds can reduce muscle damage after exercise. They plan to induce muscle damage in mice by causing repeated eccentric contractions (by running them downhill on a treadmill), and then examine the amount of inflammation in the muscles of their mice 24hrs later. They will use the following treatment groups: Sample 1) no treatment (control) Sample 2) 1mg/kg of Compound ‘A’ Sample 3) 1mg/kg of Compound ‘B’, and; Sample 4) 1mg/kg of Compound ‘C’. They perform their experiment and analyse their results using ANOVA followed by a post-hoc test. The results are as follows: (IMAGE ATTACHED) QUESTION IS: Based on this report (and assuming that none of the compounds significantly…arrow_forwardA group of researchers have isolated three novel compounds from the venom of a newly discovered species of wasp. Based on their structure and protein chemistry, the researchers believe that all three compounds may have strong anti-inflammatory activity and they have devised an experiment to test whether their compounds can reduce muscle damage after exercise. They plan to induce muscle damage in mice by causing repeated eccentric contractions (by running them downhill on a treadmill), and then examine the amount of inflammation in the muscles of their mice 24hrs later. They will use the following treatment groups: Sample 1) no treatment (control) Sample 2) 1mg/kg of Compound ‘A’ Sample 3) 1mg/kg of Compound ‘B’, and; Sample 4) 1mg/kg of Compound ‘C’. They perform their experiment and analyse their results using ANOVA followed by a post-hoc test. The results are as follows: (IMAGE ATTCAHED) QUESTION IS: Having selected which of their compounds seems the most promising, the…arrow_forwardOne objection many people have about vaccinations is the amount and variety of chemicals in them. Many people don't realize how easy the ingredients are to find — they're required in the product inserts for each vaccination produced. Using the internet, go and find a product insert for a typical vaccine (e.g. influenza vaccine, HPV vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, etc.). Identify each component contained within it, the amount of that component, and briefly describe what that component does. Go to http://www.vaccinesafety.edu/package_inserts.htmarrow_forward
- You plan to synthesize a peptide to be used as a vaccine to treat melanoma, a particularly aggressive form of skin cancer. Normally, gp100, a protein on the surface of melanocytes, activates cell growth when it is bound by its ligand. Activation of the growth pathway depends on the presence of threonine in the ligand. The effective peptide vaccine will mimic the natural ligand, but won’t cause cell growth and division. Below is the sequence of the natural ligand: LDMKTAG In order to ensure your newly designed peptide vaccine does not cause cell growth upon binding, you must substitute the Threonine residue at position 5. What amino acid would you replace it with, bearing in mind that the peptide should still be similar enough to bind to the gp100 protein in the surface of melanocytes. Explain your choice. Your vaccine will be administered as a topical cream, and you require your peptide to have an overall neutral charge in order to be functional. At what pH should you formulate…arrow_forwardA man feels a shooting pain in his arm, then a thundering in his chest. Realizing that he is in the throes of a heart attack, he reaches for his self-injector of tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) and quickly injects himself. The tPA begins to break apart the blood clots that are blocking his heart’s circulation. This lifesaving protein is naturally found in the human body in tiny amounts. The man’s tPA drug, although identical to his own, was manufactured in bacteria. a. How is it possible for bacteria to express protein that was coded for by a human gene? b. Due to certain advances in biotechnology, it became much cheaper to produce tPA. What DNA technology made it possible to produce large quantities of this protein in bacterial cells?arrow_forward45) Following a hike in the woods, you encounter an angry rattlesnake as you are approaching your car. Not knowing it was there, you stepped on its tail and it proceeded to bite you. Luckily you were close to the hospital and a fellow hiker drove you there. Once there, you were given an antivenom serum, which the doctor explained as an immunoglobulin made by sheep but injected into human snake bite victims. What type of process is this describing? A) Naturally acquired passive immunity B) Naturally acquired active immunity C) Artificially acquired passive immunity D) Artificially acquired active immunityarrow_forward
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