Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134580999
Author: Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher: PEARSON
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Within living cells, many different proteins play important
functional roles by binding to DNA. Some proteins bind to DNA but
not in a sequence-specific manner. For example, histones are proteins
important in the formation of chromosome structure. The positively
charged histone proteins bind to the negatively charged phosphate
groups in DNA. In addition, several other proteins interact with DNA
but do not require a specific
function. For example, DNA polymerase, which catalyzes the
synthesis of new DNA strands, does not bind to DNA in a sequencedependent manner. By comparison, many other proteins do interact with
recognized by a particular protein.Some
examples include transcription factors that affect the rate of
transcription and proteins that bind to origins of replication in
bacteria.
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- Within living cells, many different proteins play importantfunctional roles by binding to DNA. Some proteins bind to DNA butnot in a sequence-specific manner. For example, histones are proteinsimportant in the formation of chromosome structure. The positivelycharged histone proteins bind to the negatively charged phosphategroups in DNA. In addition, several other proteins interact with DNAbut do not require a specific nucleotide sequence to carry out theirfunction. For example, DNA polymerase, which catalyzes thesynthesis of new DNA strands, does not bind to DNA in a sequencedependentmanner. By comparison, many other proteins do interactwith nucleic acids in a sequence-dependent fashion. This means that a specific sequence of bases can provide a structure that isrecognized by a particular protein.Someexamples include transcription factors that affect the rate oftranscription and proteins that bind to origins of replication inbacteria.What topic in genetics does this question address?arrow_forwardThe amide hydrogen atoms of peptide bonds within proteins can exchange with protons in the solvent. In general, amide hydrogen atoms in buried regions of proteins and protein complexes exchange more slowly than those on the solvent-accessible surface do. Determination of these rates can be used to explore the proteinfolding reaction, probe the tertiary structure of proteins, and identify the regions of protein–protein interfaces. These exchange reactions can be followed by studying the behavior of the protein in solvent that has been labeled with deuterium ( ²H), a stable isotope of hydrogen. What two methods described in this chapter could be readily applied to the study of hydrogen– deuterium exchange rates in proteins?arrow_forwardWhat enzyme catalyzes protein synthesis in bacteria? You discover a new broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis and named it Compound J. You want to determine the mechanism of action of Compound J. After treating bacteria cells with Compound J, you observe many ribosomes with long polypeptide chains bound to them. Based on this observation, make a hypothesis about which part of the ribosome Compound J is binding and how this specifically affects translation. What evidence supports that proper protein folding is essential to all domains of life? Name and describe the function/s of two specific molecules that help proteins fold in bacteria.arrow_forward
- The diagram to the right illustrates the inter-actions of the amino acid side chains of two a-helical polypeptide strands in a coiled-coil, viewed end-on and projected along the helix axes from the N-terminal to the C-terminal end. Are the macrodipoles of the two a- helices oriented parallel or anti-parallel? For this projec- tion is the positive end of the macro-dipole in the sur- face of the paper or below the surface? f C b g e d a' a d' g b' f'arrow_forwardThis activity breaks down protein synthesis using the metaphor of PIZZA! Use your Amino Acids Reference Sheet to complete the following table. Fill in the blank spaces of each row with either the missing DNA triplet, the mRNA codon, or the Amino Acid. While there are actually multiple codons that code for any one amino acid, for this activity there only needs to be one DNA triplet and one corresponding mRNA codon recorded for each amino acid. Remember: RNA uses uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)! TTG GGG CGT AAA TTT CAA DNA AAC UAU CAC GCA AAA mRNA codon Asparagine Proline Tyrosine Amino Acid Histidinearrow_forwardThe nucleus houses and protects the DNA within eukaryotic cells. To keep the DNA safe, the passage of materials in and out of the nucleus is highly restricted. Explain the route by which molecules can enter/exit the nucleus. In addition, briefly describe 5 types of proteins that are allowed entry into the nucleus and their roles.arrow_forward
- Given the following diagram of how protein AWESOME1 binds to it's target DNA, describe the potential effects of each of the 5 mutations shown below. The wild-type sequence of a helix #1 is also shown in the blue box, and all the mutations are in helix #1 (see numbers for identifying particular residues). a helix #1 R(1)-V-I-L-Y-F-W-I-M-Y-F-S-H-Y-W-R(16) #1 Predict the consequence of the following mutations: 1) Arg(1) to Glu 2) Arg(1) to Ala 3) Phe(6) to lle 4) Trp(7) to Phe 5) Met(9) to Pro inarrow_forwardOne remarkable feature of the genetic code is that amino acids with similar chemical properties often have similar codons. thus codons with U or C as the second nucleotide tend to specify hydrophobic amino acids. Can you suggest a possible explanation for this phenomenon in terms of the early evolution of the protein-synthesis machinery?arrow_forwardin all cells observed to date, DNA serves as the stable, information-rivh molecule that stores genetic information. In contrast, in almost all cases, non-catalytic RNS serves as either a labile intermediate molecule involve in the production of proteins or as a labile regulatory molecule. A) based on the material, hypothesize why the molecule structures of DNA and RNA are, or are not, consistent with these two roles. B) RNA can also serve a catalytic role(ribosomes, RNA splicing, etc). What part of the RNA molecule would you predict makes it more likely than DNA to participate in enzymatic reactions? C) Explain how all these ideas may support as "RNA World Hypothesis" where RNA evolved first, followed by DNA and proteinarrow_forward
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