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Which statements are an example of a virulence factor? Mark those that are example.
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- When William H. was helping victims after a devastating earthquake in a region not prepared to swiftly set up adequate temporary shelter, he developed severe diarrhea. He was diagnosed as having cholera, a disease transmitted through unsanitary water supplies contaminated by fecal material from infected indiv iduals. The toxin produced by cholera bacteria causes Cl- channels in the lurninal membranes of the intestinal cells to stay open, thereby increasing the secretion of Cl- from the cells into the intestinal tract lumen. By what mechanisms would Na+ and water be secreted into the lumen in conjunction with Cl- secretion? How does this secretory response account for the severe diarrhea that is characteristic of cholera?You are studying growth factor GFA, which you know stimulates the proliferation of goblet cells in theintestine.Goblet cells are responsible for producing and secreting mucin, a mixture of glycosaminoglycans thatprotects the intestinal wall.Some patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) appear to have fewer goblet cells, thereforeless mucin and less protection from toxins and various other pro-inflammatory factors.These patients also have mutations in the gene encoding the GFA receptor (GFAR) in goblet cells,GFAR is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that autophosphorylates in response to GFA binding, thusbecoming active.QUESTION:explain what changes in GFAR could be caused by these IBD-associatedmutations and why.You’ve made a 25 mM stock of colchicine (a tubulin inhibitor; dissolved in distilled water), which you’d like to use to study the effect of tubulin on phagocytosis in T.pyriformis. Based on published research articles that you’ve read, you’d like to preincubate T. pyriformis with colchicine at a final, effective concentration of 75 µM. Assuming you need 40 µL of the cell+colchicine mixture for your experiment, please explain how you can use your 25 mM solution of colchicine, T. pyriformis cells, and distilled water to create your cell+colchicine mixture.
- Plasmodium use digestive vacuoles (DV) to digest hemoglobin and heme from red blood cells into fuel sources for their life cycle. The DV is the site where host proteins are degraded by the parasite and then the peptide pieces are exported into the Plasmodium cytosol for use in biosynthesis. Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter, PfCRT, is a transporter in this DV membrane and its original function was unknown until recently. Researchers digested hemoglobin into peptide fragments and then tested the effect of these fragments on PfCRT function. VF-6-2 is one of these fragments of hemoglobin and apparently a natural substrate of PfCRT. Chloroquine, for which the transporter was originally named, is a substrate only of mutant transporters. One mutant PfCRT, for instance, has K76T in its substrate binding site and thus a significantly lower Km for chloroquine, inspiring the original name of the transporter, because of its importance for drug resistance in malaria…Which isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK) is primarily found in cardiac muscle? 1) CK-BC 2) CK-MB 3) CK-BB 4) CK-MM no references, just homeworkAn individual contracts an infection and this results in the production of soluble proteins that act as signalling molecules between cells. Outline and differentiate the various biological activities of these molecules.
- Specific inhibitors of dyneins have yet to be discovered. When they are discovered, how would they most likely affect cells? Reduce retrograde transport of endosomes Decrease pseudopod formation in amoeboid cells Increase cell size Decrease contraction of skeletal muscleIf there was India Ink added to a culture of Paramecium caudatum, it would increase the average number of food vacuoles because India ink contains no sugar or nutrients and the formation of food vacuoles would be the first stage in the metabolic process when digesting nutrient-rich particles. If Sugars (sucrose or mannitol) were added to this culture to modify extracellular solute concentration, what effect would we see in the microscopic in regards to the number of food vacuoles? Could sugars have other effects beyond altering solute concentration? Be metabolized?In acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the cancerous white blood cells typically lack the enzyme asparagine synthetase. Why is the administration of asparaginase an eff ective therapy for this type of cancer?
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated IFNs have superior pharmaceutical properties compared with their unconjugated counterparts as a result of greater protection against proteolytic degradation, better solubility, and slower catabolism and excretion. Group of answer choices True FalseA gut epithelial cell line that has been genetically engineered to express a common cystic-fibrosis-causing CFTR mutation is accidentally cross- contaminated with cholera bacteria from another experiment. Given what you know of CFTR's role in both disease states, what is a likely outcome? Cl- rushes out of the cells. O CI- rushes into the cells. O CI- levels are unchanged but Na+ is driven out of the cells. CI- levels in the cells are unaffected.G-protein-coupled receptors on phagocytes link microbe recognition with increased efficiency of intracellular killing. The NBT (Nitro Blue Tetrazolium) test is used to diagnose the genetic disorder Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD). To perform this test, peripheral blood cells from the patient are stimulated with bacterial extracts, and then incubated with the NBT compound. Normal neutrophils turn blue in this test due to cleavage of the compound, while patient neutrophils remain uncolored, as shown in Figure below. Name a neutrophil receptor that is likely to be stimulated by the bacterial extract in this assay, and describe how this receptor regulates the activity of the enzyme that cleaves NBT.