When you hold a weight at arm's length, you are not doing any thermodynamic work but the muscles supporting the weight are nevertheless consuming energy. Describe, on the molecular level, how muscles might maintain such state of constant tension without contracting. Why does this state consume ATP?

When you hold a weight at arm's length, you are not doing any thermodynamic work but the muscles supporting the weight are nevertheless consuming energy. Describe, on the molecular level, how muscles might maintain such state of constant tension without contracting. Why does this state consume ATP?

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter27: Metabolic Integration And Organ Specialization

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 3P

See similar textbooks

Related questions

Q: Do you think the protein that binds to miltefosine would also bind to a triacylglycerol molecule?…

A: Protein binding enhances antimicrobial activity, eliminates drug delaying, and restricts tissue…

Q: What are the steps of ATP synthesis during rotation of the a3ß3 hexamer? Include which steps…

A: The organic compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a hydrotrope that provides energy to many…

Q: Explain the structure of Human muscle fructose 1,6-biphosphate aldolas complexed with fructose…

A: Introduction: Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate aldolase is a ubiquitous cytosolic enzyme involved in the…

Q: Tyrosine came from the Greek word "tyros" which means cheese as it was discovered in cheese by…

A: the isoelectric point of an amino acid is the pH at which the net electric charge of that amino acid…

Q: Gastric juice (pH 1.5) is produced by pumping HCl from blood plasma (pH 7.4) into the stomach.…

A: The Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the nucleotide as the molecular currency of intracellular energy…

Q: For each Pi released, the typical free energy of hydrolysis of inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is…

A: The live cell's energy currency is ATP. It's the molecule that connects catabolism with anabolism.…

Q: A mutation that changes an alanine residue in a protein to an isoelectric, lead to a loss of…

A: Mutation is the change in the sequence of a gene. Mutations are classified into two - Somatic…

Q: The activity of an enzyme requires a glutamic acid to display its -COOHfunctional group in the…

A: The enzyme is considered as the catalytic protein, which has the active site at which it binds the…

Q: Describe the role of Vitamin C in collagen synthesis. In your discussion, name the substrate and…

A: Collagen is a structural protein responsible for skin formation. To produce it vitamin C is…

Q: Based on this report (and assuming that none of the compounds significantly increased inflammation),…

A: The scientists have isolated there compounds and are checking out its efficacy in mice. The muscle…

Q: Intracellular concentrations in resting muscle are as follows: fructose6-phosphate, 1.0 mM;…

A: The process of glycolysis runs in the muscle cells, in which fructose-6 phosphate (F6P) is converted…

Q: Magnesium blocks voltage-gated calcium channels on the membrane of smooth muscle cells. How do…

A: Inorganic ions are also important players in regulating our metabolism and overall working may it be…

Q: .Intramitochondrial ATP concentrations are about 5 mM, and phosphate con- centration is about 10 mM.…

A: ATP hydrolysis is the catabolic reaction process by which chemical energy that has been stored in…

Q: Lactic Acid (shown below) is built up in the body during intense workouts as a result of glycolysis.…

A: Lactic acid is formed from the anaerobic glycolysis process where is involved in the fermentation…

Q: In contrast to phospholipids, the transport of fatty acids across membranes is much more rapid (less…

A: Phospholipids are a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate…

Q: Why is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) used for muscle contraction?

A: Muscle contraction is a process in which muscle shortening occurs due to the movement of the actin…

Q: What is the ionization state of phosphoric acid in the cytoplasm? Why is phosphoric acid such a…

A: Phosphoric acid is a phosphorus-containing inorganic acid that is colorless and odorless. Phosphoric…

Q: During movement, muscle cells require large amounts of ATP to fuel their contractile apparatus.…

A: Cell is the smallest structural and, functional unit of life. It is simple machinery that houses all…

Q: How is adipose tiisue matrix packed?

A: Adipose tissue is a form of loose connective tissue that is involved in the storage of fat. Adipose…

Q: IX. Insulin, a hormone vital in blood sugar regulation and having a polypeptide chain with disulfide…

A: Insulin is a peptide hormone that downregulates blood glucose levels. Hormone insulin contains two…

Q: A plant breeder has developed a new frost-resistant variety of tomato that contains higher levels of…

A: Unsaturated Fatty Acids : It is fatty acid in which there is one or more double bond in the fatty…

Q: Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center wanted to monitor athletes to determine at what…

A: Lactic acid fermentation is followed by glycolysis. It generates lesser ATP than aerobic…

Q: Modern medicine now uses insulin analogues (where one or more of the amino acid residues has been…

A: Insulin is a peptide hormone that is produced by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the…

Q: Creatine phosphate + ADP----> Creatine + ATP the free energy under standard state conditions is…

A: Gibbs Free Energy of a system is the amount of available energy by the system to perform work. The…

Q: Theoretically, the pI of myoglobin is 7.2. In phosphate buffer pH 6.0, what is the overall charge of…

A: Proteins are composed of twenty standard amino acids attached together via peptide bonds. Myoglobin…

Q: 1 = 2, for sufficiently large values of 1. The energetic equivalent of two molecules of ATP is used…

A: ATP : It is an organic compound and hydrotrope that provides energy to drive many processes in…

Q: Intramitochondrial ATP concentrations are about 5 mM, and phos- phate concentration is about 10 mM.…

A: ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is the energy stored in the body which is produces as the result of…

Q: Give the molecular basis of the observed mechanical properties of glutenin, a wheat storage protein…

A: Glutenin, a wheat storage protein rich in disulfide linkages and responsible for the cohesive and…

Q: Define Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A: All energy available to life on earth is obtained from the sun in the form of light and heat energy…

Q: formation of the acyl-enzyme complex

A: Central to the hydrolysis of substrates by other peptidase and esterases, e.g. by serine…

Q: Intramitochondrial ATP concentrations are about 5 mM, and phosphate concentration is about 10 mM. If…

A: According to the given information, the energy charge is the concentration of ATP plus half the ADP…

Q: various types of energy in the linac to treat cancer. For example, for brain cancer, how much energy…

A: Cancer is an undesirable condition of uncontrolled and abnormal proliferation of cells in any body…

Q: crystals of deoxy Hb are exposed to air,

A: The red pigment exclusively found in erythrocytes is known as Hemoglobin (Hb). The normal…

Q: Using concentrations of substrates and products inside a muscle cell at rest (ATP=10MM; ADP=0.05MM;…

A: Creatine kinase is an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to creatine and then transfers…

Q: Assuming that glucose is burned to CO, as an energy source, how many amino acid residues can be…

A: The amino acids that would be incorporated into a protein molecule per one glucose molecule could be…

Q: Of all the high-energy phosphate carriers we've studied in class, PEP has the greatest free energy…

A: In chemical thermodynamics, an exergonic reaction is a chemical reaction in which the change in the…

Q: In large groups of muscles, such as the quadriceps, anatomical regions may be designated as surface…

A: There are seven types of muscle fibbers based on their twitching ability, and they are: I (Slow…

Q: Show MATHEMATICAL calculations on how one molecule of glutamine can produce approximately 24…

A: When Cell faces energy crisis, it uses amino acids as a source of energy as follows : Glutamine as…

Q: Intramitochondrial ATP concentrations are about 5 mM, and phosphate concentration is about 10 mM. If…

A: According to the given information, the energy charge is the concentration of ATP plus half the ADP…

Q: Intestinal bacteria convert choline to trimethylamine, and the liver converts this gas to…

A: Trimethylamine (TMA), is a microbial metabolite produced by various taxa of gut microbiota from ,…

Q: Identify which of the following amino acid residues can have hydrogen bonding between their side…

A: Proteins are composed of amino acids, which are bound together by peptide linkage. Amino acids…

Q: Intracellular concentrations in resting muscle are as follows: fructose- 6-phosphate, 1.0 mM;…

A: Given Information: [Fructose-6-phosphate] = 1 mM [Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate] = 10 mM [AMP] = 0.1 mM…

Q: Numerous research has been conducted to determine how the sequence and structural characteristics of…

A: Introduction :- Protein molecules are made up of amino acids and the process through which amino…

Q: Calculate the standard free energy for creatine-phosphate hydrolysis in a cell where [creatine-P]=3…

A: Creatine phosphate (CP) is the phosphorylated creatine molecule which serves as a rapidly…

Q: Skeletal muscle can store energy in the form of phosphocreatine, which is able to regenerate ATP. In…

A: Muscle cells use creatine kinase as their instant energy storage molecule that can readily transfer…

Q: The three pka values for the amino acid astrophan are: 1.9, 7.5, and 9.3. Calculate the isoelectric…

A: Given pKa's of three groups COO- ,R and NH3+ as 1.9,7.5 and 9.3 respectively. Also given protonation…

Q: D Test =4.23; HSD[.01]=5.36 nonsignificant M1 = mean of Sample 1 M2 = mean of Sample 2 and so forth.…

A: Since the researchers need to compare that how has the drug affected the population and do the…

Concept explainers

Muscle Action

A change in the body or a bodily organ as a result of its functioning is referred to as an action. Muscle action can be defined as the specific movement of a bodily part generated by the contraction of a muscle. The muscle proteins actin and myosin are the important contractile proteins involved in muscle action. Muscle contraction, in addition to movement, serves several other important functions in the body, including posture, heat generation, and joint stability. Muscle contraction maintains posture, which includes standing and sitting.

Question

Science that deals with the amount of energy transferred from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state.

Expert Solution

This question has been solved!

Explore an expertly crafted, step-by-step solution for a thorough understanding of key concepts.

This is a popular solution!

SEE SOLUTION Check out a sample Q&A here

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5

Trending now

This is a popular solution!

Step by step

Solved in 5 steps with 1 images

SEE SOLUTION Check out a sample Q&A here

Knowledge Booster

Learn more about

Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.

Similar questions

Intracellular concentrations in resting muscle are as follows: fructose6-phosphate, 1.0 mM; fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, 10 mM; AMP, 0.1 mM;ADP, 0.5 mM; ATP, 5 mM; and Pi, 10 mM. Is the phosphofructokinasereaction in muscle more or less exergonic than under standard conditions?By how much?
Intracellular concentrations in resting muscle are as follows: fructose- 6-phosphate, 1.0 mM; fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, 10 mM; AMP, 0.1 mM; ADP, 0.5 mM; ATP, 5 mM; and P, 10 mM. Is the phosphofructokinase reac- tion in muscle more or less exergonic than under standard conditions? By how much?
Walking consumes approximately 100 kcal/mi. In the hydrolysis of ATP (ATP → ADP + Pi), the reaction that drives muscle contraction, ΔG°′ is −7.3 kcal/mol (−30.5 kJ/mol). Calculate how many grams of ATP must be produced to walk a mile. ATP synthesis is coupled to the oxidation of glucose (ΔG°′ = −686 kcal/mol). How many grams of glucose are actually metabolized to produce this amount of ATP? (Assume that only glucose oxidation is used to generate ATP and that 40% of the energy generated from this process is used to phosphorylate ADP. The gram molecular weight of glucose is 180 g and that of ATP is 507 g.)
Assume that the complete combustion of one mole of glucose to carbon dioxide and water liberates 2870 kJ/mol (AGo' = -2870 kJ/mol). If one contraction cycle in muscle requires 67 kJ, and the energy from the combustion of glucose is converted with an efficiency of 35% to contraction, how many contraction cycles could theoretically be fueled by the complete combustion of one mole of glucose? Round your answer to the nearest whole number. суycles per mole glucose
B) The actual concentrations of ATP, ADP and Pi differ by tissue/cell type (see table). Tissue/Cell Type ATP (mM) ADP (mM) Pi (mM) Liver 3.5 1.8 5.0 8.0 2.7 Skeletal Muscle 8.0 0.9 Brain 2.6 0.7 Calculate AG' for ATP hydrolysis in liver. (NOTE: assume 25°C and omit the concentration of water in your calculations).
Twenty-three milligrams of glucose were eaten by the bacteria Sanacoccus pumasareus. Calculate the hypothetical amount of ATP your patient can generate under aerobic respiration with this amount of glucose. (Note: Glucose MW-180.16 g/mole; 1 mole= 6.02 x 1023 molecules (Avogadro's number)). 2.8 x 10^24 ATPs 02.9 x 10^21 ATPs 028 x 10-21 ATP5 029 x 10 24 ATPS Lacks information, cannot be determined
A critical reaction in the production of energy to do work or drive chemical reactions in biological systems is the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate, ATP, to adenosine diphosphate, ADP, as described by the reaction ATP(aq)+H2O(l)⟶ADP(aq)+HPO2−4(aq)ATP(aq)+H2O(l)⟶ADP(aq)+HPO42−(aq) for which Δ?∘rxn=−30.5 kJ/molΔGrxn∘=−30.5 kJ/mol at 37.0 °C and pH 7.0. Calculate the value of Δ?rxnΔGrxn in a biological cell in which [ATP]=5.0 mM,[ATP]=5.0 mM, [ADP]=0.10 mM,[ADP]=0.10 mM, and [HPO2−4]=5.0 mM.[HPO42−]=5.0 mM. Δ?rxn=ΔGrxn= kJ/mol
When a vertebrate dies, its muscles stiffen as they are deprived of ATP, a state called rigor mortis. Using your knowledge of the catalytic cycle ofmyosin in muscle contraction, explain the molecular basis of the rigor state.
Intramitochondrial ATP concentrations are about 5 mM, and phosphate concentration is about 10 mM. If ADP is five times more abundant than AMP,calculate the molar concentrations of ADP and AMP at an energy charge of 0.85. Calculate ∆G for ATP hydrolysis at 37 °C under these conditions.The energy charge is the concentration of ATP plus half the concentration of ADP divided by the total adenine nucleotide concentration.
A 75 kg person doing light work requires about 3000 kcal of food energy perday, 40% of which is actually used by the body’s cells. (The other 60% is lostas heat and in waste products.) Before being used by the cells, effectively allof this energy is stored in ATP, which is then cleaved into ADP and PO3−2 , with the release of 12.5 kcal per mole of ATP.(a) How many moles of ATP are turned over per day in this fashion? Whatmass of ATP does this correspond to? (The molecular weight of ATP is507 g/mol.)(b) The body actually contains approximately 5 g ATP. Estimate the averagerecycle time for an ATP molecule. You see that it is much more efficientto reuse ADP rather than to synthesize it de novo (from scratch).
Consider the following chemical reaction: Glucose + ATP → Glucose-6-Phosphate + ADP + Pi Given the following information, calculate the actual free energy change (G’) of this reaction. G’ of Glucose + ATP → Glucose-6-Phosphate + ADP + Pi = -16.7 kJ/mol [Glucose] = 5.0 mM [ATP] = 1.85 mM [Glucose-6-Phosphate] = 0.083 mM [ADP] = 0.14 mM [Pi] = 1.0 mM Temperature = 37 C R (Gas Constant) = 8.314 J/mol•K
Gastric juice (pH 1.5) is produced by pumping HCl from blood plasma (pH 7.4) into the stomach. Calculate the amount of free energy required to concentrate the H+ in 1 L of gastric juice at 37 °C. Under cellular conditions,how many moles of ATP must be hydrolyzed to provide this amount of free energy? The free-energy change for ATP hydrolysis under cellular conditions is about −58 kJ/mol . Ignore the effects of the transmembrane electrical potential.