When bacteria are consumed by macrophages, the macrophages give off chemokines that recruit other immune cells. The chemokines serve as ligands for G-protein coupled receptors. Which of the following is NOT true of G-PCRs?       a.   G-PCRs require GTP to activate a G-protein       b.    G-PCRs bind the ligand extra-cellularly and undergo an allosteric change       c.    The receptor is a G-protein       d.    The G-protein separates into multiple parts that can activate different pathways.

A patient is diagnosed with lung cancer using imaging. To establish the best treatment option, doctors ask to profile the gene expression of the tumor, using a biopsy and microarray analysis. Describe the steps involved in the analysis in detail. The analysis reveals that a new gene therapy could be beneficial to the patient. Explain briefly how gene therapy could be used to cure cancer and detail how the treatment can be formulated for delivery to the patient. To prepare DNA for the gene therapy formulation, it is often important to measure the size of the molecule. Explain how this measurement can be done using agarose gel electrophoresis, taking care to detail the property of the DNA molecule at the basis of the technique. To generate large amounts of DNA to manufacture gene therapy payloads or to be able to see them on gel electrophoresis, specific sequences can be amplified by PCR. For a sequence of a 100 base pairs, calculate the number cycles of PCR required to generate 1 ng of…

Describe the steps of the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay.   What are some of the scientific facts that can be learned through a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay?

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