Suggest how the researchers could have altered their targeting construct, to ensure that all of the neomycin resistant transformants would have generated the expected PCR product with the A/B primer pair.
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- Which of the following statements is correct? There is a risk of Graft versus Host Disease in an allogeneic stem cell transplant. In an autologous stem cell transplant, stem cells are removed from, and returned to, the same patient. AML (acute myeloid leukemia) is a benign haematological disease. ALL (acute lymphocytic leukemia) originates in neutrophils.Write down the roles of corticosteroids in graft transplantationWhen vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is used to infect mice via footpad injection, viral particles are trapped in the draining lymph node (the popliteal lymph node) within 5 minutes of injection. These viral particles are then retained in the lymph node for many hours, where they can be visualized on cells that are interacting with B cells. The cells retaining the viral particles in the lymph node are not tissue-resident dendritic cells that have migrated to the lymph node with the virus, as this process takes much longer than 5 minutes. In which region of the lymph node would you expect to find the trapped viral particles and on which cells?
- Figure 2 shows a comparison of the survival rate of liver transplants in 84 patients who were immunosuppressed with azathioprine and corticosteroids (black) with the survival rate in 55 patients who were immunosuppressed with cyclosporine A and corticosteroids (blue). 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 3 12 24 36 Time after transplantation, months Figure 2 Explain the effects of azathioprine, corticosteroids and cyclosporine A and their combined effects. Distinguish between hyperacute and acute cellular allograft rejections. Survival, %An 18-month old has been hospitalized several times because of severe recurrent infections with Candida chronic hypocalcemia, and failure to thrive . Flow cytomegalovirus shows a decreased number of peripheral blood lymphocytes reacting with fluoresceinated anti human IgGand decreased number of CD3+ T lymphocytes. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis. (A) AIDS. (B). Bruton X-linked agammaglobulinemia. (C) Chronic granulomatous disease. (D) Common Variable Hypogammaglobunemia.…Based on the diagram below multiple tissues and different organs can be transplanted.. Some of these operations are performed routinely with a very high success rate. What is a meaning of graft-specific tolerance? How the development of xenografts can be a practical solution to organ availability or shortage?
- People infected with SARS-Cov-2(the cornavirus that causes covid-19) can show an array of different symptoms and comlications. One complication occurs in the same patients is the development of blood clots throughout the body. Thevirus can infect endothelial cells. How are endothelia involved with blood clotting? If you were to design a pharmaceutical (medication) taht reduced blood clotting, how might it work? There are many ways to approach this question. Please mention at least one SPECIFIC REACTION in your explanation.Scientists used FACS to discover and isolate common myeloid progenitor cells from other bone marrow cells. What assumption did they rely on for FACS isolation? Myeloid progenitor cells divide more quickly when compared to other bone marrow cells. Myeloid progenitor cells are less likely to be rejected by the immune system compared to other bone marrow cells. Myeloid progenitor cells have a unique cell surface protein when compared to other bone marrow cells. Myeloid progenitor cells produce a unique antibody when compared to other bone marrow cells.The images below are of immunohistochemistry stains for E-cahedrin of ductal lobe carcinomas of the breast from two different patients. The presence of E-cahedrin is revealed by a brownish red stain. Based on this data, which patient (B or D) has the highest risk of metastasis to other tissues? Justify your response (limit 5-6 sentences)
- Surprisingly, humans as well as mice deficient in the complement protein, C3, have greatly reduced antibody responses to T cell-dependent antigens, and are impaired in their ability to control HSV infections. When C3-deficient mice are infected with HSV, once at day 0 and then a second time 4 weeks later, their antibody response is altered compared to wild-type mice, as shown in the figure #3 below. a) What is a likely explanation for the altered antibody response in the absence of complement C3? For fugure #4: For this experiment, mice are infected with varying doses of the HSV-rd virus, and peak IgG responses to the viral surface glycoproteins are measured. The results are shown in the fugure #4. b) What is the most likely explanation for these data? Do these results impact your answer to the part above (a)? Explain your reasoning.Which of the followings is molecular pathology associated with ADA mutations that cause immunodeficiency? a) accumulation of deoxyadenosine and its precursors S-adenosylhomocysteine and deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) with toxic effects on immature lymphocytes, b)accumulation of deoxyguanosine and deoxyguanosine triphosphate, with toxic effects on immature lymphocytesCytotoxic drugs cause immunosuppression by killing dividing cells and have serious side-effects. Mycophenolate mofetil is a cytotoxic drug that is commonly used in patients receiving kidney transplants, as part of a combination therapy with other immunosuppressive drugs. Studies have been performed to assess whether reductions in mycophenolate mofetil dose given to transplant patients starting around 4 months post-transplant have deleterious effects on the transplanted kidney function or on episodes of graft rejection. The motivation for this type of study is: The high expense of combination therapies that require multiple different drugs The side effects of the cytotoxic drug on healthy dividing cells in the body The convenience to the transplant patient of fewer medications to take on a daily basis The off-target effects of mycophenolate mofetil on non-dividing cells 5. The possibility that transplant patients develop an allergic reaction to the mycophenolate