What is the major route for protons moving from the inter membrane space back into the mitochondrial matrix during oxidative phosphorylation? 1. Protons carried across the membrane by a molecule of dinitrophenol 2. Protons are transported along with ADP by the ATP/ADP translocase. 3. Protons enter the half channel in subunit a facing the inter membrane space and exit via the half channel facing the mitochondrial matrix. Choose 1 correct answer explain? Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion

Calculate the ATP yield for the complete oxidation of the ketone body 3-hydroxybutryate to 4 CO2 in the mitochondrial matrix. Use P:O ratios of 2.5 for NADH and 1.5 for QH2. Draw the chemical reaction and the movement of electrons (including the enolate intermediate) necessary for the spontaneous decarboxylation of acetoacetate to acetone and CO2. (Hint: review the mechanism of step 4 in glycolysis and step 3 in the citric acid cycle). Why is acetoacetate undergoing spontaneous decarboxylation while 3-hydroxybutyrate does not?

Under some conditions, mitochondrial ATP synthase has been observed to actually run in reverse. How would that situation affect the protonmotive force?

co S Question #6. On the right is a schematic showing the structure of complex V (ATP Synthase). The various subunits are labeled. 6A Label the figure to show the location of the mitochondrial matrix αβλαβ Y 6B On the figure indicate the direction of proton flow across the membrane in the direction of ATP synthesis. Make sure to specifically indicate through which portion of the complex the protons move. E Ab, a a cc ccc Inner membrane 6C List the specific subunits in the complex that rotate as protons flow through the complex (select from: a, b2, c, a, ß, y, 8, ɛ) 6D Rotation occurs in 120° steps. Briefly explain why this is consistent with the bind-and-change mechanism that produces ATP. In your answer, make sure to indicate the number of active sites in the complex and how rotation alters their ability to promote catalysis.