Make a rough drawing of the four complexes in the Electron Transport Chain. Label each side of the mitochondrial membrane and show the direction and number of protons pumped at each site.

Explain how energy stored in pyruvate is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in eukaryotic cells.

Please describe the function of the Electron Transport Chain.

Fill in the bold using the table. Because the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to L, when there is an excess of mitochondrial L, it converts to M using a TCA condensation reaction, M crosses to the cytosol using a designated transport system.  In the cytosol, M reconverts to L and oxaloacetate.  Oxaloacetate is subsequently converted to malate with simultaneous production of N, a prerequisite cofactor for the glycolysis pathway. This reaction is then followed by conversion of N to pyruvate which produces O, a prerequisite cofactor for the fatty acid synthesis pathway.     L M N O A. ATP pyruvate malate NADPH B. ATP citrate ATP NAD+ C. acetyl CoA pyruvate NAD+ NADH D. acetyl CoA citrate NAD+ NADPH E. glucose pyruvate malate NADP+

Calcium is an important regulator of the citric acid cycle. Calcium is transported across the mitochondrial inner membrane by a Ca²- 2+ uniporter that is driven by the negative potential inside the matrix. Part A Assuming a membrane potential across the inner membrane of 172 mV (inside negative), calculate the ratio of the [Ca2+] in the matrix to that in the cytoplasm ([Ca2+]m/[Ca²+]c) that would exist at equilibrium (i.e., AG = 0). Express your answer using two significant figures. [Ca2+]m [Ca2+] = ΤΟ ΑΣΦ Submit Request Answer Part B ? Cytoplasmic [Ca2+] is on the order of 10-7 M in a healthy cell. Based on your answer in Part A, calculate the [Ca2+] that would exist in the matrix at equilibrium. Express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units. ☐ μÅ ? Value Units

Make a rough drawing of the ATP synthase machinery within the mitochondrial membrane and specifically label the Fo and F1 subunits, as well as the C-ring, the a subunit, the y stalk and the a3ß3 hexamer.

Transporting anything through the mitochondrial membrane can be difficult. How do cells get Oxaloacetate in and out?

Consider the reactions in the citric acid cycle. Part 1 of 2 In which step(s) is/are NADH generated? Check all that apply. ☐ Step 1 ☐ Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 ☐ Step 6 ☐ Step 7 ☐ Step 8 Part 2 of 2 In which step(s) is/are carbon-carbon single bonds formed? Check all that apply. ☐ Step 1 ☐ Step 2 Step 3 ☐ Step 4 Step 5 ☐ Step 6 ☐ Step 7 ☐ Step 8

Describe the location of ATP synthase in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. How they are different and where the protons are pumped?

Only 37 of the proteins in mitochondria are encoded by the mitochondrial DNA. The other proteins are encoded in nuclear DNA, then translated and transported to the mitochondria. Describe one unique feature of protein transport across mitochondrial membranes.