During the FADH2 electron transport chain, the protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space through complexes CoQ/III, and IV the protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space through complexes I, CoQ/III, and IV the protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space through complexes I, CoQ/II, and IV the protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the outer mitochondrial membrane through complexes I, III, and IV

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Description: During the FADH2 electron transport chain, the protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space through complexes CoQ/III, and IV the protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space through co

The ETC stands for Electron transport chain process that occurs in the mitochondria. It helps to…

Answered: electron transport chain,

Science

Biochemistry

electron transport chain,

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter2: Cell Physiology

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 10RE: Using the answer code on the right, indicate which form of energy production is being described: 1....

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The four complexes of the electron transport chain use the energy of electrons stored in reducing agents to create a concentration gradient of protons (H*) across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Give the number of protons pumped into the intermembrane space by each of the four complexes: complex I: complex II: complex III: complex IV:
When the antibiotic X is added to actively respiring mitochondria, several things happen: the yield of ATP decreases, the rate of O2 consumption increases, heat is released, and the pH gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane increases. Does X act as an uncoupler or an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation? Explain the experimental observations in terms of the antibiotic’s ability to transfer K+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
The ADP-ATP antiporter in the mitochondrial inner membrane can exchange ATP for ATP, ADP for ADP and ATP for ADP and is a passive antiporter. Even though mitochondria can transport both ADP and ATP in both directions, there is a strong bias in favor of exchange of external ADP for internal ATP in actively respiring mitochondria through this antiporter. ATP4- is more negative than ADP3- and thus there is biased import of ADP into the matrix and export of ATP into the intermembrane space in respiring mitochondria. ADP, Pi, citrate and calcimycin are added to intact human mitochondria. Are a) ADP import and b) oxygen consumption and c) malate production observed? Explain your answers.
This UCP1 protein allows the protons (H+) of the mitochondrial intermembrane space to enter the mitochondrial matrix without going through the ATP synthase. This bypass represents a shortcut for protons and uncouples (i.e. eliminates the interrelationship between) the following two processes: The entry of protons inside the mitochondrial matrix, following their concentration gradient. The phosphorylation of ADP into ATP by the ATP synthase. It is this uncoupling that gave the protein its name: uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). The following figure shows the location of UCP1 when it is expressed (synthesized) in the brown adipose tissues (BAT) of hibernating mammals. Question 12 Based on the UCP1 protein structure shown earlier, and based on the figure above, what type of protein is UCP1? Question 12 options: a) A primary active transporter. b) A motor protein.…
A central tenet in mitochondrial bioenergetics is that exergonic electron transfer drives the creation of an electrical potential () across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). This is entirely true. Another tenet of mitochondrial bioenergetics, that you will read everywhere, is that this electrical potential is created by three proton pumps, Complexes I, III and IV. This is less true. A proton pump is this: It’s a protein that binds a proton from one side of a membrane, translocates that very proton across the membrane, through the protein, and ejects it into solution on the other side of the membrane. Complex I is a proton pump, but we did not discuss complex I. Complex III is NOT a proton pump, yet it creates electrical potential across the IMM. It is an electron/proton charge separation device. Complex IV is both types of these devices. Fifty percent of the electrical potential that complex IV creates is as a proton pump. But, 50% of the electrical potential that complex IV…
An important function of the inner mitochondrial membrane is to provide a selectively permeable barrier to the movement of water soluble molecules and thus to generate different chemical environments on either side of the mem- brane. However, many of the substrates and products of oxidative phosphorylation are water soluble and must cross the inner membrane. How does this transport occur?
In the 1930s, some physicians prescribed low doses of a compound called dinitrophenol (DNP) to help patients lose weight. This unsafe method was abandoned after some patients died. DNP uncouples the chemiosmotic machinery by making the lipid bilayer of the inner mitochondrial membrane leaky to H+. Chemical agents that cause this effect are called uncouplers. Explain how this could cause weight loss and also death. Considering the danger, is there any use for compounds like DNP or other uncouplers?
The maintenance of a proton motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane is crucial for continued ATP production. Surprisingly, it has been discovered that the inner membranes of certain cells contain proteins, called uncoupling proteins, that are capable of transporting protons from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix. Why would mitochondria contain transporters that essentially waste energy potential in the proton gradient?
Explain how Ca2+, NOS/RNS and mitochondrial membrane transfer problems are inter-related and how/why this kills cells.
Referring to the figure below, explain why NADH yields more ATP than FADH2 does. Electron-transport and proton pump Oxidative phosphorylation Outer mitochondrial membrane H* -Intermembrane H+ H+ H+ space H* H+ H+ Cytochrome c H+ COQH, CoQ UU COQH2 CoQ JU U Inner mitochondrial membrane Ht e ATPase Complex II Complex II Complex IV Complex e ADP +P - Mitochondrial matrix NADH NAD+ FADH2 FAD АТР H+ -H+ H+ H20
Cyanide is an inhibitor of Complex IV of the electron transport chain, i.e., it inhibits the reduction of oxygen to water. Dinitrophenol is a drug that collapses the H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. You are given 2 bottles labeled “A” and “B”. One of them has cyanide and the other has dinitrophenol. You are tasked with identifying which of A or B is cyanide and which one is dinitrophenol. You are provided with the following items: A suspension of live, functioning mitochondria A pH-sensitive dye that can permeate both mitochondrial membranes (inner and outer and is red at low pH and blue at high pH. First, what does it mean to say “collapse the H+ gradient”? Make a flow-chart to show how you would do an experiment with the items provided to identify which bottle is cyanide and which is dinitrophenol.
Cyanide is an inhibitor of Complex IV of the electron transport chain, i.e., it inhibits the reduction of oxygen to water. Dinitrophenol is a drug that collapses the H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. You are given 2 bottles labeled “A” and “B”. One of them has cyanide and the other has dinitrophenol. You are tasked with identifying which of A or B is cyanide and which one is dinitrophenol. You are provided with the following items: A suspension of live, functioning mitochondria A pH-sensitive dye that can permeate both mitochondrial membranes (inner and outer and is red at low pH and blue at high pH. Make a flow-chart to show how you would do an experiment with the items provided to identify which bottle is cyanide and which is dinitrophenol.

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		the protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space through complexes CoQ/III, and IV
		the protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space through complexes I, CoQ/III, and IV
		the protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space through complexes I, CoQ/II, and IV
		the protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the outer mitochondrial membrane through complexes I, III, and IV