What are the unique features of Henle loops that contribute to countercurrent multiplication during urine production? Provide an explanation of how countercurrent multiplication is facilitated in nephrons, including all the factors that contribute to
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What are the unique features of Henle loops that contribute to countercurrent multiplication during urine production? Provide an explanation of how countercurrent multiplication is facilitated in nephrons, including all the factors that contribute to it.
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- What are the two intrinsic mechanisms that provide auto regulation of glomerular filtrate? Explain any one of these.Atrial Natriuretic Peptide helps to reduce overall blood pressure in a variety of ways. One way is by increasing Glomerular Filtration Rate. a. Why/how would increasing GFR cause decreased blood pressure? b. To increase GFR, would Atrial Natriuretic Peptide cause constriction or dilation of afferent arterioles at the kidneys? The efferent arterioles?Although the kidneys are probably best known as filtration organs, tubular reabsorption (the second step of urine formation in a nephron) actually reclaims molecules that have already been filtered from the blood. Describe the tubular reabsorption process, including the structures and molecules involved, and explain why these molecules need to be reabsorbed. please help
- Describe the components of the glomerular filtration barrier. Explain the importance of the negative electric charge of the different parts of the glomerular filtration barrier. How does it do to prevent the loss of proteins in the urine?Explain the role of the nephron loop, the vasa recta, and the countercurrent mechanism in the concentration of urine?Drugs that increase urine flow (diuretic drugs) are often employed in the treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure) or other disease states. Three physiological categories of such drugs are ones that (i) function as loop diuretics, (ii) inhibit the action of aldosterone, and (iii) block Na+ channels in the collecting ducts. Explain why each of these categories would be expected to increase Na+ excretion and urine flow.
- Why are the loop of Henle and vasa recta important for the formation of concentrated urine?Given: A patient’s GFR (glomerular filtration rate) is 125 ml/min, and his urine is produced at a rate of 1.25 ml/min. (A) By what factor is the inulin concentrate in his urine. (B) The concentration of glucose in his plasma is 5 mmol/l. His renal reabsorption of glucose is completely inhibited. What would be the concentration of glucose in his urine? (answer parts a and b)Glomerular filtration is affected by forces that oppose and promote filtration. What are these forces and explain the theory behind net filtration pressure?
- The process of hydrogen ion secretion in the proximal convoluted tubule occurs via which of the following mechanisms? Choose from the following: (A) hydrogen ions diffuse out of the glomerular filtrate of the proximal convoluted tubule, through extracellular fluid and into the peritubular blood (B) carbon dioxide diffuses into the proximal convoluted tubule cell from peritubular capillary blood; undergoes a chemical reaction to form carbonic acid; dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions; the hydrogen ion diffuses into the glomerular filtrate of the proximal convoluted tubule (C) hydrogen ions diffuse out of the peritubular capillary blood, through extracellular fluid and into the filtrate of the proximal convoluted tubule (D) carbon dioxide diffuses into the proximal convoluted tubule cell from the glomerular filtrate; undergoes a chemical reacdtion to form carbonic acid; dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions; the hydrogen ions diffuse into the peritubular bloodThe Na+-glucose transporters SGLT2 and SGLT1 are located at different levels of the kidney proximal tubule to minimize spillover of the glucose into the urine (See diagram attached) a) Consider the Na+-glucose coupling ratios for SGLT2 and SGLT1. Why would localization of SGLT2 in the early proximal tubule and SGLT1 in the late proximal tubule be advantageous? b) The Michaelis constant (Km) for the SGLT2 and SGLT1 transporters are 2 mM and 0.5 mM, respectively. Is SGLT2 or SGLT1 the higher affinity Na+-glucose transporter? d) Dapagliflozin is an SGLT1 inhibitor and commonly prescribed to treat type 2 diabetes. Why would this be of benefit to a diabetes patient?From what you have learned at this point about the nephron, it should now be obvious that the glomerular filtrate is not the same as the urine that is eventually formed. It is also important to note that many processes that glomerular filtrate goes through will vary depending on the state of the body and its need to maintain, among others, fluid or electrolyte balance. Make a concept map of the diluting and concentrating mechanisms of the kidney