VDJ rearrangement occurs so that: Select one: a.after a pathogen has entered the system, B cells can then construct receptors that will bind to that specific pathogen  (custom-made BCR) b.there can be millions of different BCR on B cells already present when a pathogen enters the system, some of which are likely to bind that pathogen  (make lots of BCRs and hope some of them work) c. the combinations of V, D and J segments create BCRs specific for all the pathogens that humans have evolved with (similar to PRR, but a wider range of target molecules)

Q: Cytotoxic effector T cells also produce inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-g and TNF-a when their…

A: According to the question, we have to find out the reason behind the enhanced activity of the…

Q: IgM antibodies are much more efficient than IgG at activating the complement cascade. However, under…

A: IgG and IgM are types of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection. The…

Q: A congenital defect mutates the genes that code for RAG1 & RAG2 making them unreadable (therefore no…

A:

Q: What determines if a T-cell will become a gamma:delta or alpha:beta T-cell? Select one: O a. The…

A: Introduction T-cells are the immune cells which develop into the Thymus. These are important in…

Q: What are the two proteins/factors produced by cytotoxic - T cells to kill a virally-infected cell-

A: Introduction : It is type of immune cell which  kill certain cells, including foreign cells,…

Q: Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding memory B cells? a. Memory B cells express…

A: B cells are a part of adaptive immune response. B cells have B cell receptors (BCRs) on their…

Q: In which of the following ways are T-cell receptors distinct from immunoglobulins? (Select all that…

A: The T-cell receptor (TCR) is a protein complex found on the surface of T cells or T lymphocytes.

Q: how HPV was used to cure cancer? a. The HPV induced a type IV hypersensitivity immune response b.…

A: Human papiloma vaccine used in prophylaxis of cervical cancer

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A: HIV and CD4 Count HIV -  human immunodeficiency virus causes Acquired immune deficiency syndrome…

Q: Is it possible for a B cell heavy chain to have non-templated nucleotides (N) but no p nucleotides…

A: B cells Immunity is the ability to fight disease ad this is done by the generation of immune…

Q: complement

A: Option D is answer .    The presentation of the antigens to the T helper cells for their activation…

Q: Briefly, what are the 2 ‘checkpoints’ in development for the B cell? When do the B cells pause to…

A: In humans, B-cells are a type of WBCs (white blood cells) involved in the humoral immunity…

Q: What accounts for the change in a B cell’s ability to bind antigen?

A: B cells are also known as B lymphocytes are special types of blood cells which belong to the group…

Q: Describé combination in develőpment ôf cell. Inclüde in your description the roles of RSS, RAG-1 and…

A: Answer :: Recombination activating gene (RAG) products are required for the rearrangement of antigen…

Q: A patient has contracted an upper respiratory infection caused by a virus. Her initial adaptive…

A: Immunity is the body’s ability to resist and eliminate the potential harmful foreign invaders to…

Q: Explain the role of isotype exclusion in pro-B cells.

A: Introduction:- In a given lymphocyte, either κ or λ light (L) chain, but not both, can combine with…

Q: (a) Identify both the cellular component and the location of the component that is responsible for…

A: Luciferase reporter produces luminescence. If cells contain a luciferase vector, the luminescent…

Q: If a B cell receptor does not pass selection, is it better to be self-reactive against a…

A: In the primary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes and spleen, the selection is positive and…

Q: Three major cell types, dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, present peptides bound to MHC…

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Q: 1- B cell clones undergo somatic hypermutation in which structure? Group of answer choices A) Thymic…

A: Progenitor cells are types of stem cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cell types.…

Q: Which of the following statements is false concerning T-cell development? a. γ and δ…

A: Thymus lymphocytes (T cells) are one of the major components of the adaptive immune system. There…

Q: The adaptive immune system uses multiple strategies to generate diversity in our ability to mount…

A: Adaptive immunity is made up of two main components: T cells and B cells. An immune system that…

Q: Which of the following statements about Notch 1 is correct? (Select all that apply.) Select one or…

A: Concept used :  Notch 1 gene    Definitions required -  Notch 1 gene :  Notch one is a gene that…

Q: Match the stage of B cell development with the rearrangement or expression of immunoglobulin genes.…

A: B cell development begins in the fetal liver and continues in the bone marrow throughout our lives.…

Q: In B cells, what mechanism ensures that only rearranged V genes are transcribed?

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Q: B-cell tumors originate during different developmental stages of B cells during their maturation in…

A: B cells are also termed B lymphocytes, they are known as white blood cells of the lymphocyte…

Q: It has been suggested that complexes of IgE with allergen can be transferred from mother to child…

A: An Allergic infant will normally have symptoms in several body systems. An increased immunoglobulin…

Q: To study the immune responses that provide protection against tumor growth in mice, some…

A: Cytokines are immunological molecules present in biological systems that are important for cell…

Q: Which of the following statements is the most accurate concerning lymphocytes? a. T cells and B…

A: Lymphocytes are the cells that help to fight the microorganism that cause diseases. In normal human…

Q: All of the following events occur within germinal centers except

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Q: Please could you explain how lymphocytes (especially B) can maintain receptors on their surfaces? Is…

A: Cell immunity

Q: Individuals who express HLA-B27 are 90 times more likely to develop the autoimmune disorder…

A: Human Leukocyte Antigen B27 or HLA-B27 is a kind of antigen categorized into class I of antigen and…

Q: True

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Q: You had two blood samples and needed to distinguish between TD and TI B cell responses. You…

A: Binding of foreign antigen with receptors on B cells after being recognized by antigen presenting…

Q: shows the directed migration of two immune cell types, neutrophils (red) and macrophages (green) to…

A: Immune cells are the sort of cells that emerge from stem cells in the bone marrow and mature into…

Q: What is the function of tapasin? Select one: a. Tapasin is an antagonist of HLA-DM and causes more…

A: Please follow step 2 for detailed explanation.

Q: What are two types of long-lived cells derived from the B cell lineage? Where are these cells…

A: B cells are a type of white blood cell that helps the immune system fight foreign invaders including…

Q: In cell culture experiments, purified B cells expressing IgM can be induced to switch to producing…

A: In experimental settings involving cell cultures, the transformation of B cells expressing IgM into…

Q: Can a mature B Cell produce an epitope-specific antibody first and then switch to make an antibody…

A: Since we only answer one question at a time, therefore, we are answering the first question listed…

Q: How may B cells be activated? Select all that apply. Select one or more: a. Crosslinking of BCRS and…

A: How may B cells be activated?

Q: In general MHC 1 receptors harboring antigen are recognized by the CD-8 receptor on T-cells;…

A: Antigen presentation is the process by which a foreign antigen is recognized by antigen presenting…

Q: The zone of contact between the T cell and a pathogen-infected cell is called a(n) Select one: O a.…

A: The immune system is a control network of organs and immune cells that detect and kill foreign…

Q: Inhibitory receptors on lymphocytes down-regulate immune responses by recruiting protein or lipid…

A: B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are part of adaptive immunity, which is antigen-specific and…

Q: The B-cell co-receptor, composed of CD19/CD21/CD81, is a receptor that binds to complement fragments…

A: A co-receptor is a type of cell surface receptor that functions by binding a signaling molecule in…

Genomic studies

Genomic studies (genomics) is the study of the whole genome of an organism. Using bioinformatics and high-performance computing, genomic researchers examined massive amounts of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-sequence data to discover variations or mutations that affect drug response, health, or disease. Genomics is a much younger discipline than genetics, having only emerged in the last few decades as a result of technological advancements in DNA sequencing and computational biology.