In B cells, what mechanism ensures that only rearranged V genes are transcribed?

Q: Which of the following statements about innate lymphoid cells is true? (ONE ANSWER)   Require the…

A: Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are immune cells that lack a specific antigen receptor but can produce…

Q: Immature B-cells express only IgM on its membrane, and if it encounters antigen the IgM will be…

A: Switch Recombination:- It is a process in immune system where B-cells changes the class of…

Q: A congenital defect mutates the genes that code for RAG1 & RAG2 making them unreadable (therefore no…

A:

Q: Name two possible functions of CD8a+ dendritic cells that could account for the results seen in the…

A: Dendritic cells  Dendritic cells are a sort of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that structure a…

Q: Are hematopoietic stem cells unipotent, multipotent, or pluripotent?

A: The blood is the fluid connective tissue that involves in transport of oxygen, carbondioxide and…

Q: Different classes of immunoglobulins are distinguished by the structure of their heavy chain…

A: Introduction: An antibody is a glycoprotein produced by the plasma cells in response to an allergen…

Q: Is it possible for a B cell heavy chain to have non-templated nucleotides (N) but no p nucleotides…

A: B cells Immunity is the ability to fight disease ad this is done by the generation of immune…

Q: Secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) are important sites for the initiation of T cell responses via…

A: When an antigen enters into the human body, then the acute inflammation occured immediately . After…

Q: Emil has fallen and scratched a wound on his knee. After a while, the knee swells and aches at the…

A: The entire activity of the immune system in tackling infection is depicted in the figure given.

Q: How and why do B cells undergo a class switch from producing IgM antibodies to any of the other Ig…

A: Class exchanging happens after initiation of a develop B cell through its layer bound neutralizer…

Q: Why is the precise timing of recombination events critical during B and T cell development?.

A: B and T cell development is the complex biological process through which precursor cells mature into…

Q: Please answer fast Which type of cells normally drive class switching to IgE and how? How might the…

A: Answer

Q: Briefly, what are the 2 ‘checkpoints’ in development for the B cell? When do the B cells pause to…

A: In humans, B-cells are a type of WBCs (white blood cells) involved in the humoral immunity…

Q: Describé combination in develőpment ôf cell. Inclüde in your description the roles of RSS, RAG-1 and…

A: Answer :: Recombination activating gene (RAG) products are required for the rearrangement of antigen…

Q: Explain the mechanism underlying the molecular structure of C7, C8, and C9 complement protein

A: The complement system consist of 35 proteins found within the plasma or sure to host cells, forms an…

Q: Which of the following are strategies do cancer cells use to escape detection by the immune system?…

A: We realize that the Immune system can perceive and can kill cancer cells. Either cancer cells or…

Q: (a) Identify both the cellular component and the location of the component that is responsible for…

A: Luciferase reporter produces luminescence. If cells contain a luciferase vector, the luminescent…

Q: Why is the response to T-independent antigens important medically?

A: Importance of T independent antigen medically -- T cells  -- These are type of lymphocyte ,White…

Q: Describe what is assembled on the surface of pre-B cells.

A: Pre B cells are cells in the bone marrow that are progenators of the B cells that are a part of the…

Q: How can a B cell have both IgM and IgD on its surface?

A: * B cells produce from lymphoid progenitor cell which develop in fetal liver and later in bone…

Q: VDJ rearrangement occurs so that: Select one: a.after a pathogen has entered the system, B cells…

A: VDJ arrangement or VDJ recombination is the specialized mechanism which takes place in developing…

Q: The following interactions occur during the expression and secretion of an antibody heavy-chain…

A: 1. A signal peptide sequence and a signal recognition particle (SRP) interact (Step c):  - Early in…

Q: Why regulatory T cells important?

A: T cells are the immune cell especially play vital role in adaptive immunity . Generally , T helper…

Q: ne the typical immunophenotypic features of peripheral B cells in: X-linked Agammaglobulinaemia.…

A: X linked disorder is a disorder in which mutation occurs in X chromosome.  Agammaglobulinaemia means…

Q: Why should B cells residing in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues produce IgA?

A: Antibodies are glycoprotein molecules that are concerned with the Humoral immune response of the…

Q: How does thrombin catalyze the formation of loose fibrin and help in the activation of factor XIII?

A: In physiology, factor XIII is defined as the "firing stabilizing factor" which is known as zymogen…

Q: Why are only very small amounts of antigen injected?

A: Antigens are any foreign substances which evoke immune response in our body as they enters the body.…

Q: Match the stage of B cell development with the rearrangement or expression of immunoglobulin genes.…

A: B cell development begins in the fetal liver and continues in the bone marrow throughout our lives.…

Q: How would this illustration change if it showed class switching by B cells residing in Peyer’s…

A: Class Switching is a type of biological mechanism that converts the production of a B-cell's…

Q: B-cell tumors originate during different developmental stages of B cells during their maturation in…

A: B cells are also termed B lymphocytes, they are known as white blood cells of the lymphocyte…

Q: It has been suggested that complexes of IgE with allergen can be transferred from mother to child…

A: An Allergic infant will normally have symptoms in several body systems. An increased immunoglobulin…

Q: Identify the receptors to which interferons bind and explain how their activation affects gene…

A: Interferons (IFN) are cytokines that are essential for mediating immunological response as well as…

Q: List the CD4+T lymphocytes lineages? What determines CD4+ T lymphocyte differentiation? Which…

A: CD4+ T cells play a crucial role in adaptive immunity because they support both cytotoxic T cell and…

Q: Why Somatic Hyper Mutation takes place in B-Cells only and not in T-Cells?

A: Mechanism by which the immune system adapts to new foreign elements during class switching involving…

Q: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome…

A: Next step after attachment (binding) to the CD4 and CXCR4 receptors on the TH cell.

Q: The envelope protein gp120 (Glycoprotein 120) is required for the attachment of the HIV virus to CD…

A: CD4 receptor is Cluster of differentiation 4 which is a glycoprotein that serves as a co receptor…

Q: Explain the typical immunophenotypic features of peripheral B cells in: (i) X-linked…

A: X-linked agammaglobulinemia  also called XLA - is an inherited (genetic) immune system disorder that…

Q: shows the directed migration of two immune cell types, neutrophils (red) and macrophages (green) to…

A: Immune cells are the sort of cells that emerge from stem cells in the bone marrow and mature into…

Q: T cells in the thymus are determined to be T helper cells or T killer cells while undergoing…

A: The immune system is a complicated physiological system comprised of several organs, tissues, and…

Q: Where are the viral proteins made? B) Describe the process by which viral proteins are broken down…

A: Note: since you have posted a question with multiple subparts, so we will be solving the first one…

Q: In cell culture experiments, purified B cells expressing IgM can be induced to switch to producing…

A: In experimental settings involving cell cultures, the transformation of B cells expressing IgM into…

Q: Can a mature B Cell produce an epitope-specific antibody first and then switch to make an antibody…

A: Since we only answer one question at a time, therefore, we are answering the first question listed…

Q: with HIV, explain the mechanism of intracellular infection and the role of reverse transcriptase.…

A: HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system, specifically CD4+ T…

Q: What is the function of interleukin-7 in lymphocyte formation? View Available Hint(s) Hint 1.…

A: Interleukin -7 is necessary for the growth, viability, and homeostasis of T-cells. These…

Gene Interactions

When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.

Gene Expression

Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.