In B cells, what mechanism ensures that only rearranged V genes are transcribed?

Q: A congenital defect mutates the genes that code for RAG1 & RAG2 making them unreadable (therefore no…

A:

Q: What determines if a T-cell will become a gamma:delta or alpha:beta T-cell? Select one: O a. The…

A: Introduction T-cells are the immune cells which develop into the Thymus. These are important in…

Q: Biology Monoclonal antibodies are used clinically as for anti-tumor immunotherapy. Which of the…

A: What is not the mechanism or least effective mechanism of monoclonal antibodies to control the…

Q: What are the two proteins/factors produced by cytotoxic - T cells to kill a virally-infected cell-

A: Introduction : It is type of immune cell which  kill certain cells, including foreign cells,…

Q: 28. The molecules mediating signal transduction on a B-cell following antigen binding to BCR are…

A: B cell It is a type of lymphocyte which is involved in providing the humoral immunity component of…

Q: Explain the typical immunophenotypic features of peripheral B cells in: (i) X-linked…

A:

Q: Match the following terms of B-cell development with the best definition. Surrogate light chain…

A: The immune system of the body is the vital system that provides protection to the body against…

Q: How and why do B cells undergo a class switch from producing IgM antibodies to any of the other Ig…

A: Class exchanging happens after initiation of a develop B cell through its layer bound neutralizer…

Q: Cellular immunity develops from a single stem cell called the multipotent hematopoietic stem cell.…

A: Together, innate and adaptive immunity offer complete defense against a variety of health risks to…

Q: Why is the precise timing of recombination events critical during B and T cell development?.

A: B and T cell development is the complex biological process through which precursor cells mature into…

Q: Compare B cell receptors and T cell receptors for the following criteria: BCR TCR Tyrosine kinases…

A: B-Cell Receptors These are those specific receptors that are present specifically on the surface of…

Q: Please answer fast Which type of cells normally drive class switching to IgE and how? How might the…

A: Answer

Q: Briefly, what are the 2 ‘checkpoints’ in development for the B cell? When do the B cells pause to…

A: In humans, B-cells are a type of WBCs (white blood cells) involved in the humoral immunity…

Q: What accounts for the change in a B cell’s ability to bind antigen?

A: B cells are also known as B lymphocytes are special types of blood cells which belong to the group…

Q: Describé combination in develőpment ôf cell. Inclüde in your description the roles of RSS, RAG-1 and…

A: Answer :: Recombination activating gene (RAG) products are required for the rearrangement of antigen…

Q: Organize the following steps in order of antibody production. A. CD40L-CD40 interaction turn on…

A: The process of antibody production begins with the activation of a CD4 T cell by a dendritic cell…

Q: Describe what signals are sent through electrochemical immunosensors to treat different type of…

A: Electrochemical sensors are a type of biosensor that use an electrical signal to detect specific…

Q: Explain the role of isotype exclusion in pro-B cells.

A: Introduction:- In a given lymphocyte, either κ or λ light (L) chain, but not both, can combine with…

Q: (a) Identify both the cellular component and the location of the component that is responsible for…

A: Luciferase reporter produces luminescence. If cells contain a luciferase vector, the luminescent…

Q: What is the mechanism used by B cells to increase antibody diversity should be determined.

A: Antigens refer to a substance that is foreign or external to the human body and arouses an immune…

Q: How can a B cell have both IgM and IgD on its surface?

A: * B cells produce from lymphoid progenitor cell which develop in fetal liver and later in bone…

Q: VDJ rearrangement occurs so that: Select one: a.after a pathogen has entered the system, B cells…

A: VDJ arrangement or VDJ recombination is the specialized mechanism which takes place in developing…

Q: Why should B cells residing in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues produce IgA?

A: Antibodies are glycoprotein molecules that are concerned with the Humoral immune response of the…

Q: Why are only very small amounts of antigen injected?

A: Antigens are any foreign substances which evoke immune response in our body as they enters the body.…

Q: Match the stage of B cell development with the rearrangement or expression of immunoglobulin genes.…

A: B cell development begins in the fetal liver and continues in the bone marrow throughout our lives.…

Q: How would this illustration change if it showed class switching by B cells residing in Peyer’s…

A: Class Switching is a type of biological mechanism that converts the production of a B-cell's…

Q: B-cell tumors originate during different developmental stages of B cells during their maturation in…

A: B cells are also termed B lymphocytes, they are known as white blood cells of the lymphocyte…

Q: It has been suggested that complexes of IgE with allergen can be transferred from mother to child…

A: An Allergic infant will normally have symptoms in several body systems. An increased immunoglobulin…

Q: To study the immune responses that provide protection against tumor growth in mice, some…

A: Cytokines are immunological molecules present in biological systems that are important for cell…

Q: Identify the receptors to which interferons bind and explain how their activation affects gene…

A: Interferons (IFN) are cytokines that are essential for mediating immunological response as well as…

Q: Why Somatic Hyper Mutation takes place in B-Cells only and not in T-Cells?

A: Mechanism by which the immune system adapts to new foreign elements during class switching involving…

Q: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome…

A: Next step after attachment (binding) to the CD4 and CXCR4 receptors on the TH cell.

Q: Why are CD8+/αβT-cells important? Explain the function of the mature activated CD8+/αβT-cell and…

A: White blood cells also called leukocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in…

Q: trigger

A: The process of programmed cell death is called apoptosis. Apoptosis aids in the prevention of…

Q: Explain the typical immunophenotypic features of peripheral B cells in: (i) X-linked…

A: X-linked agammaglobulinemia  also called XLA - is an inherited (genetic) immune system disorder that…

Q: During the early developmental stages of α:β T cells in the thymus, there are two key checkpoints…

A: The T cells are mainly derived from hematopoietic stem cells present in the bone marrow. The…

Q: shows the directed migration of two immune cell types, neutrophils (red) and macrophages (green) to…

A: Immune cells are the sort of cells that emerge from stem cells in the bone marrow and mature into…

Q: T cells in the thymus are determined to be T helper cells or T killer cells while undergoing…

A: The immune system is a complicated physiological system comprised of several organs, tissues, and…

Q: What are two types of long-lived cells derived from the B cell lineage? Where are these cells…

A: B cells are a type of white blood cell that helps the immune system fight foreign invaders including…

Q: Compare and contrast the first and second checkpoint in B cell development (Include terms: Heavy &…

A: Lymphocytes are the type of white blood cells involved in immune responses.

Q: B-cell development in the bone marrow is an inherently wasteful process. Nearly half of the pro-B…

A: B cells are a type of white blood cell that are vital to the immune system. They are produced in the…

Q: In cell culture experiments, purified B cells expressing IgM can be induced to switch to producing…

A: In experimental settings involving cell cultures, the transformation of B cells expressing IgM into…

Q: Can a mature B Cell produce an epitope-specific antibody first and then switch to make an antibody…

A: Since we only answer one question at a time, therefore, we are answering the first question listed…

Q: . What are the number of total chromosomes that carries the genes encoding heavy and light chain…

A: Introduction :- Immunoglobulins or antibody are made up of two light chains and two heavy chains of…

Q: Inhibitory receptors on lymphocytes down-regulate immune responses by recruiting protein or lipid…

A: B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are part of adaptive immunity, which is antigen-specific and…

Gene Interactions

When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.

Gene Expression

Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.