Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134580999
Author: Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher: PEARSON
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Is it possible for a B cell heavy chain to have non-templated
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- Fig. 1. AKAP11 and RIα are degraded by autophagy. (A) Brain lysates of Atg7F/F (Control) and Atg7F/F-SynCre (cKO) were subjected to immunoblottinganalysis with the indicated antibodies. (B) Quantification of protein levels in A. Unpaired Student’s t tests were used, and values are presented as mean ± SEM(n = 3 mice/genotype). **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant. (C) Brain lysates of Atg14F/F (Control) and Atg14F/F-SynCre (cKO) were subjected toimmunoblotting analysis with the indicated antibodies. (D) Quantification of protein levels in C. Unpaired Student’s t tests were used, and values are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 4 mice/genotype). **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant. (E) Atg7 WT and Atg7 KO MEF cells were nutrient starved by usingEBSS for the indicated times, and cells were assayed by immunoblotting analysis with the indicated antibodies. (F) Quantification of the protein levels from Ewas obtained by normalizing the level of proteins to Actin,…arrow_forwardAlthough mutations have been observed in many different genes, they have not been isolated in histones. Why does this seem reasonable? If one wanted to produce antibodies to histones, would it be an easy task? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardWhat if new β cells were derived from preexisting β cells?arrow_forward
- Explain why transplanting skin graft from the black mouse to white mouse results in rejection (A) Why (A) is it called a primary response?arrow_forwardMonoclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing a mouse with a particular antigen, then removing its spleen. Individual B cells producing mouse antibodies specific for the antigen are isolated from the spleen, then fused with cancer cells. Each of the resulting hybrid cells can be cloned, which means it can be cultured indefinitely in the laboratory. The resulting cell lines produce and secrete antibodies that recognize the antigen to which the mouse was immunized. These antibodies are called monoclonal antibodies. Some monoclonal antibodies are used for passive immunization. They are effective, but only in the immediate term. Antibodies that are produced by one’s own immune system can last up to about six months in the bloodstream, but those delivered in passive immunization often last for less than a week. Why the difference?arrow_forwardusing a molecular genetic approach how can one generate a mouse missing an adaptive immune responsearrow_forward
- If there is a problem with somatic hypermutation in the germinal center, does this affect isotype switching from IgM to IgG for the B cells?arrow_forwardWhich DNA-damage repair pathway uses the BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins?arrow_forwardThe diagram in the first figure shows simplified versions of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus, the T-cell receptor b chain locus, and the locus encoding the RAG-1 and RAG-2 recombinases. For the sake of this question, imagine that these diagrams represent all of the gene segments present in the immunoglobulin heavy chain and T-cell receptor b chain locus. You now analyze five individuals, each of which has a single inactivating mutation in a region of one of these three loci. These mutations are each indicated by a red ‘X’ in the second figure, and are numbered 1–5. For each of these inactivating mutations, indicate the alterations and/or defects that would be seen in the repertoire of antigen receptors found in mature B and T cells in that individual. Also, for each mutation, indicate whether the individual would likely show any immunodeficiency, such as a history of recurrent infections.arrow_forward
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