В cеll Т cell Antigen-binding site Cytoplasmic Antigen-binding membrane site CD marker Antigen - Antigen -T-cell receptor (TCR) В-cell receptor (BCR) FIGURE 15.2 Antigen Receptors on Lymphocytes B cells and T cells have surface receptors that allow them to recognize specific antigens. The CD marker identifies the type of T cell.

В cеll Т cell Antigen-binding site Cytoplasmic Antigen-binding membrane site CD marker Antigen - Antigen -T-cell receptor (TCR) В-cell receptor (BCR) FIGURE 15.2 Antigen Receptors on Lymphocytes B cells and T cells have surface receptors that allow them to recognize specific antigens. The CD marker identifies the type of T cell.

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter12: Body Defenses

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 6RE

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Write T if the statement is correct; write F if the statement is not correct. P and E selectins are expressed by endothelial cells. " " TCRs consist of heavy and light chains. " " A disulfide bond can be found on TCRs. " " The antigen binding site in TCRs is contributed by the variable region of the H chain and the variable region of the light chain. " " CD4, but not CD8, interacts with Lck. " "
Chimeric mice are generated where approximately 50% of the cells in the animal are genetically MHC class I-deficient. The other 50% are deficient for the herpes virus receptor, HVEM, but do express MHC class I molecules. When these mice are infected with herpesvirus by intraperitoneal injection, a robust virus-specific CD8 T cell response is detected at day 7 post-infection in the spleens of the infected mice. Which cells are presenting herpesvirus antigens to prime the CD8 T cell response, and how did they acquire the viral antigens?
¹C2²2S + E Sk3,0 where S is a T-cell of a particular variety, E is the corresponding (free, i.e. unbound) antigen, and C is a complex consisting of a T-cell bound to an antigen. Ø indicates the loss of T-cells due to decay as described above. 1. Let s, c and e be the concentration of S, C and E, respectively, in the body at time t. Assume that the background exposure to the disease results in a constant concentration eo of the antigen (free or bound) in the body. (b) (c) Consider the T-cell system. Assuming mass action kinetics, write down a system of ODEs for Show that ds dt S + E and k-1 where KM dc dt Show (include your working) that the 2D system of ODEs has two equilibria: (s*,c*) = (0,0) == : -k₁(eo — c)s + k_1c +2k₂c - k3s k-1+k2 k₁ (s*, c*) = ( k₂e0 k3 and KM, eo k2 dt' dt and KM = k₁(eo - c)s - k_1c - k₂c.
Three major cell types, dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, present peptides bound to MHC class II molecules for recognition by CD4 T cells. In general, these peptides are derived from proteins or pathogens taken up by the cell by endocytosis, phagocytosis, or macropinocytosis. Based on these pathways of antigen uptake, some of the enzymes that degrade proteins to generate peptides for MHC class II presentation are: Ubiquitin ligases that tag proteins for degradation by the proteasome ATP transporter proteins that deliver endocytic proteins into the cytosol for degradation Cysteine proteases like cathepsins that function at acidic pH The lysosomal thiol reductase found in the endosomes The lysosome-associated membrane trafficking protein, LAMP-2
pathogenic bacteria in gut lumen binds binds capture and transfer to A B submucosa inhibits binds produces produces epithelial cells of small intestine klocated below B-cll follicle in Peyer's patches reside on reside presents among antigens E F capture and transfer from lumen presents engulf antigens pathogenic bacteria in gut submucosa D -lyse-
Some pathogenic microorganisms encode proteins, such as the Staphylococcus Protein A, that bind to immunoglobulin constant region domains with high affinity. These microbial proteins provide a benefit to the microorganism by: Preventing antibodies bound to the microbe from binding to Fc receptors on phagocytes Blocking the binding of anti-microbial antibodies to the pathogen surface Cleaving the antibody into fragments that separate the antigen-binding region from the effector function Inducing aggregation of the anti-microbial antibodies by multivalent binding to the pathogen-derived protein Preventing the antibody from neutralizing the pathogen
DRAW IT Sketch a B cell antigen receptor. Label the Vand C regions of the light and heavy chains. Label theantigen-binding sites, disulfide bridges, and transmembrane region. Where are these features located relativeto the V and C regions?
The current view in the field of immunology is that dendritic cells are the primary antigen-presenting cells for stimulating naive T cells. One piece of evidence supporting this conclusion is the observation that IRF8-deficient individuals, which retain their tissue-resident macrophages, are susceptible to a range of severe opportunistic infections caused by intracellular bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Explain the reasoning behind this argument.
Serum from individuals with high levels of antibody to SARS-CoV2 has been used to treat patients with severe COVID-19. What is ONE way (there are several) that passive immunization with the antibody to the virus could help these patients? HINT: think about what opsonization with antibody could do for the innate immune response.
A T cell can have TCRs with two different alpha chains. Explain how this can occur and why we typically only see mature T cells with one alpha chain.
Match the term with its correct description. selection for thymocytes which recognize self MHC molecules elimination of thymocytes which recognize self continued alpha chain rearrangement until a functional TCR is generated process by which autoreactive thymocytes are eliminated in the thymus activation of a T-cell only if the appropriate MHC molecule presents an antigenic peptide ✓Choose... Apoptosis MHC restriction Positive selection Negative selection T-cell receptor editing Choose...
1) 286 individuals were newly diagnosed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in 2018 in Minnesota. Of these individuals, 76% were male. HIV is an enveloped, ssRNA virus_ Baltimore classification VI. This virus targets CD4+ cells. CD4 refers to a glycoprotein which serves as a co-receptor for T-cells, located on T-helper and T-reg immune cells. a) What part of the HIV virus allows for specificity to CD4+ cells?