ung cancer mitotic index: 0.25 Breast cancer mitotic index: 0.35 Skin cancer mitotic index: 0.4 Looking at the mitotic index for all 3 cancer types, which one is likely to be the most resistant (least affected) to the growth-inhibiting effects of traditional chemotherapy drugs that target rapidly dividing cells?
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- Out of these 8 hallmarks ( sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis, deregulating cellular energetics and metabolism, and avoiding immune destruction). Rank them from least important to most for cancer development. Explain in 2-3 sentences how.The growth fraction of the cancer types A 8, C, and D are 23%, 45%, 56%, and 78%, respectively. Which type of cancer is more suceptible to the chemotherapy?Name the six fundamental properties of malignant tumours. Which of these properties are amenable to study in a cell culture model of cancer and why?
- 1. Describe & explain the pathophysiology of cancer based on the diagram. Reference: https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/cancer-etiology-pathophysiology-types-diagnosis-and- treatment/ Acquired (environmental) DNA damaging agents: • chemical • radiation viruses Activation of growth- promoting oncogenes NORMAL CELL DNA Damage Failure of DNA repair Mutations in the genome of somatic cells Alteration of genes that regulate apoptosis Malignant neoplasm / Successful DNA repair CANCER Inherited mutations: • Genes affecting DNA repair • Genes affecting cell growth Expression of altered gene products and loss of regulatory gene products Inactivation of cancer suppresor genes Clonal expansion Additional mutations (progression) T HeterogeneitySkin cancer carries a lifetime risk nearly equal to that of allother cancers combined. Following is a graph [modified fromK. H. Kraemer (1997). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 94:11–14]depicting the age of onset of skin cancers in patients with orwithout XP, where the cumulative percentage of skin cancer is plotted against age. The non-XP curve is based on 29,757 cancerssurveyed by the National Cancer Institute, and the curverepresenting those with XP is based on 63 skin cancers from theXeroderma Pigmentosum Registry.What is meant by the "two-hit" model of cancer development? Describe this theory in detail and explain why this makes sense with the observation that cancer is typically seen in people who are >60 years of age.
- Discuss the link between the exponential growth of tumors and tumor metastasis and how these are influenced by cancer chemotherapy.#1) Hyperplastic growth are not cancerous yet but show a higher than normal proliferation rate. True False #2) When cancer cells have not spread beyond its original site, the term used to describe it is benign growth intraepithelial neoplasia carcinoma stage 3 carcinoma in situ #9) Cancer cells generally have missense mutations in p53 gene, resulting in truncated p53 normally active p53 dominant negative p53 inactive p53 #10) Single or double stranded breaks in DNA activate Chk 1 and 2 kinases, which phosphorylates p53. This results in --- in the level of p53 in the cell. increase decreaseFluorouracil is a structural analogue of thymine. The fluorine promotes enolization. How is this effect used in thetreatment of cancer?
- Excessive angiogenesis and reduced apoptosis are two of the six characteristics that define cancerous tumors. Discuss how developing treatments for these two conditions might prevent the development of cancer altogether from pre-malignant tumors.27 of 41 Mutations in two important cancer-critical genes, encoding p53 and Rb, respectively, are commonly found in cancers. What type of mutations are these expected to be? O Gain-of-function mutation in p53 and loss-of-function mutation in Rb O Loss-of-function mutation in p53 and gain-of-function mutation in Rb O Loss-of-function mutations in both genes O Gain-of-function mutations in both genesDespite all that we know about cancer today, some types of cancers are still increasing in frequency. Lung cancer among nonsmoking women is one of these. What reason(s) might there be for this increasing problem?