True/False: The classical and lectin pathways of complement activation converge at the step of C3 activation. However, the initiating steps of each pathway use protein components and enzymatic mechanisms that share no similarity with each other.

The mechanism of cross-presentation by dendritic cells is an essential pathway for generating CD8 T cell responses to some intracellular pathogens. If this pathway did not exist, we would be highly susceptible to: Intracellular pathogens that can survive inside macrophage endocytic vesicles Intracellular pathogens that are able to evade antibody responses Intracellular pathogens that do not infect and replicate in dendritic cells Intracellular pathogens that can spread from cell to cell by inducing cell fusion Intracellular pathogens that infect and replicate in red blood cells

A 55-year-old male was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) after experiencing complications from an infection during his youth. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that manifests as chronic inflammation, primarily in the joints. The patient states that he manages his symptoms well and lives a lifestyle that attempts to keep the inflammation at a minimum. (CD4 T helper cells and other immune cells in a patient with RA promote cytokine release, especially release of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)). Inflammation is a natural immune response, providing immediate defense against foreign invasion. However, when not controlled, inflammation can cause damage to normal, healthy tissue. This patient is most likely to present with which of the following clinical signs and symptoms during a typical visit to his primary care provider? Choose the correct answer and provide a brief explanation. (2-3 sentences) a). Fever b). Redness, pain, heat, and swelling of…

TLR-4 recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide in association with the host accessory proteins MD-2 and CD14. True/False: All mammalian TLRs have been shown to directly bind to microbial products, leading to TLR signaling.