The sequencing of entire genomes has made it possible to examine the level of gene expression in a particular cell or tissue by using oligonucleotide probes to assess the mRNA expression level from a particular gene. This is done most effectively through the use of what experimental technique?

Increasingly, whole-genome sequencing of individuals is being done to help identify and treat medical conditions. Genome sequencing invariably identifies a number of variations, some common and some rare, that might be clinically relevant. For example, suppose a person had their genome sequenced to help determine their risk for cardiovascular disease and, just by chance, the sequence revealed that they carry one or more variants that predispose them to cancer or Alzheimer disease. Does the sequencing laboratory or physician have an obligation to report this finding, which was not the purpose of the sequencing and which the patient did not request? What about reporting variants for which no or limited information can be provided about their clinical significance? Does the answer to this question differ for sequencing done on children?

If you knew the mRNA sequence for the human insulin gene could you know what size cDNA fragment you would find on your DNA gel when you ran it against a size standard (a “molecular ruler”)? Would you continue with your insulin cloning experiment, if the DNA from your PCR was very different in size from that predicted by the insulin mRNA? Why or why not?

Identify the word or phrase that is the best match (some will remain blank). (Mouse Genome Informatics, GeneChip array, Confounding variable, 45,000, BLAST, 600, Aceview, BioGPS, SMART, minimize, 17, UCSC Genome Browser, External validity) A. Median number of copies of an mRNA in a cell B. Patterns and sizes of introns and exons C. H3K4me3 locations on chromosomes D. Each treatment given to a different litter of mice E. Find list of knockout mice for a gene D. Find similar proteins F. Random variation G. Tissue expression pattern of a gene H. The extent to which results can be extrapolated