The NF-κB signaling pathway, an important pathway in immune response and inflammation, is shown in the image. One of the pathway steps is the phosphorylation of IκBα. Which of the following best describes the role IκBα phosphorylation plays in the signaling pathway and what the modification of IκBα does?IκBα activates the transcription factor. Phosphorylation of IκBα leads to phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factor.IκBα inhibits the activation of the transcription factor. Phosphorylation of IκBα signals for the nuclear transcription factor to transcribe DNA.IκBα inhibits the translocation of the transcription factor. Phosphorylation of IκBα signals for IκBα degradation and allows the transcription factor to enter the nucleus.IκBα activates the translocation of the transcription factor. Phosphorylation of IκBα leads to phosphorylation of the transcription factor, which allows the transcription factor to enter the nucleus. This diagram illustrates the NF-kB signaling pathway, which is crucial for regulating immune response and cell function. Here's a detailed breakdown:1. **Signals**: External signals bind to specific receptors on the cell membrane.2. **Receptor Activation**: This triggers an intracellular cascade involving the receptors.3. **Cytoplasm Processes**: - The activated receptor influences IKK (IκB kinase) to phosphorylate IκBα. - Phosphorylated IκBα (pIκBα) undergoes ubiquitination and is degraded by the proteasome. - This releases the NF-kB complex, consisting of RelA and p50 subunits.4. **Nuclear Entry**: - The RelA/p50 complex translocates into the nucleus via the nuclear pore.5. **Transcription Initiation**: - Inside the nucleus, NF-kB binds to specific sequences on the DNA (response elements, RE) near target genes. - RNA polymerase, along with coactivators, facilitates the transcription of these target genes into mRNA.6. **Protein Synthesis**: - The mRNA is transported out of the nucleus to the ribosome, where it is translated into proteins.7. **Cell Function Modification**: - The newly formed proteins can lead to changes in cell function, adapting the cell's response to various stimuli.The diagram highlights the flow from extracellular signaling to intracellular responses, emphasizing the critical roles of various proteins and complexes in regulating gene expression.

Answered: The NF-κB signaling pathway, an…

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

See similar textbooks

Related questions

Concept explainers

Question

The NF-κB signaling pathway, an important pathway in immune response and inflammation, is shown in the image. One of the pathway steps is the phosphorylation of IκB_α.

Which of the following best describes the role IκB_αphosphorylation plays in the signaling pathway and what the modification of IκB_αdoes?

IκB_αactivates the transcription factor. Phosphorylation of IκB_αleads to phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factor.

IκB_αinhibits the activation of the transcription factor. Phosphorylation of IκB_αsignals for the nuclear transcription factor to transcribe DNA.

IκB_αinhibits the translocation of the transcription factor. Phosphorylation of IκB_αsignals for IκB_αdegradation and allows the transcription factor to enter the nucleus.

IκB_αactivates the translocation of the transcription factor. Phosphorylation of IκB_αleads to phosphorylation of the transcription factor, which allows the transcription factor to enter the nucleus.

This diagram illustrates the NF-kB signaling pathway, which is crucial for regulating immune response and cell function. Here's a detailed breakdown:

1. **Signals**: External signals bind to specific receptors on the cell membrane.

2. **Receptor Activation**: This triggers an intracellular cascade involving the receptors.

3. **Cytoplasm Processes**:
- The activated receptor influences IKK (IκB kinase) to phosphorylate IκBα.
- Phosphorylated IκBα (pIκBα) undergoes ubiquitination and is degraded by the proteasome.
- This releases the NF-kB complex, consisting of RelA and p50 subunits.

4. **Nuclear Entry**:
- The RelA/p50 complex translocates into the nucleus via the nuclear pore.

5. **Transcription Initiation**:
- Inside the nucleus, NF-kB binds to specific sequences on the DNA (response elements, RE) near target genes.
- RNA polymerase, along with coactivators, facilitates the transcription of these target genes into mRNA.

6. **Protein Synthesis**:
- The mRNA is transported out of the nucleus to the ribosome, where it is translated into proteins.

7. **Cell Function Modification**:
- The newly formed proteins can lead to changes in cell function, adapting the cell's response to various stimuli.

The diagram highlights the flow from extracellular signaling to intracellular responses, emphasizing the critical roles of various proteins and complexes in regulating gene expression.

Expert Solution

Trending now

This is a popular solution!

Step by step

Solved in 2 steps

SEE SOLUTION Check out a sample Q&A here

Knowledge Booster

Learn more about

Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.

Similar questions