The NF-κB signaling pathway, an important pathway in immune response and inflammation, is shown in the image. One of the pathway steps is the phosphorylation of IκBα.   Which of the following best describes the role IκBα phosphorylation plays in the signaling pathway and what the modification of IκBα does? IκBα activates the transcription factor. Phosphorylation of IκBα leads to phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factor. IκBα inhibits the activation of the transcription factor. Phosphorylation of IκBα signals for the nuclear transcription factor to transcribe DNA. IκBα inhibits the translocation of the transcription factor. Phosphorylation of IκBα signals for IκBα degradation and allows the transcription factor to enter the nucleus. IκBα activates the translocation of the transcription factor. Phosphorylation of IκBα leads to phosphorylation of the transcription factor, which allows the transcription factor to enter the nucleus.

Mutations to SRP72 (the RNA component of the signal recognition particle) are known to cause some forms of familial bone marrow failure. Which of the following protein(s) is/are potentially affected by such deleterious mutations? Choose all that apply Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) Cytochrome c Insulin (a secreted protein) uS7 (a small ribosamal subunit protein from all dornains of life) DO00

Which of the following types of mutations would be most likely to cause cells to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)?     One that increases the affinity of p21 for Cdks     One that decreases the affinity of Rb for the transcription factor E2F     One that decreases the ability of p53 to bind to DNA     One that causes p53 to be constitutively phosphorylated

Corticosteroids are powerful anti-inflammatory drugs that alter the transcription of many genes.  Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory drugs that are used to treat individuals with allergies, asthma, autoimmune diseases, or organ transplants. These compounds have a wide range of effects on leukocytes and on inflammatory cytokine production. One common use for corticosteroids is as an inhaled treatment for individuals with asthma. Interestingly, inhaled corticosteroids provide significant benefit to asthma patients with high numbers of eosinophils in their airways, but not to those patients with high numbers of neutrophils, but normal numbers of eosinophils. One reason for this finding may be that: Corticosteroids don’t inhibit IL-13 production in the airways Corticosteroids don’t inhibit release of IL-33 by airway epithelial cells Corticosteroids induce apoptosis of Treg cells Corticosteroids induce apoptosis of eosinophils Corticosteroids don’t work well as combination therapy with…