Suppose that the concentration of CI outside the cell is 100 and inside the cell is 10 mmol/liter. The Nernst equation at 20°C is: Fion=58 millivolts/z- [10810 ( [lon] out in You set the membrane voltage at 0 millivolts using a voltage clamp, and measure membrane current. If Cl is the only ion crossing the membrane, you would expect to see: O negative charges flowing into the cell negative charges flow out of the cell 0 current the membrane hyperpolarizes (becomes more negative)

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Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.