A cell creates a H+ gradient across a membrane- in other words, a situation is created were the concentration of H+ is higher on one side then the other of a membrane. How can this H+ concentration gradient be used to do work (that the cells needs to do)?

The following type(s) of gradient can drive different fluxes across the cell membrane:     Voltage gradient.     Pressure gradient.     Concentration gradient.     Osmotic pressure gradient.     All of the above.

The movement of water is called osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion of water, and it too moves to reach equilibrium.   The relationship between solute concentration and water are opposite. An area with high concentration of solute has less water "concentration", and an area of low solute concentration has a higher water "concentration".   Select the options that describe the movement of water if there is a gradient across a membrane.   Hint: There are two correct answers. One with the solute perspective and one with a water perspective.   Select all that apply: Water moves from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration.   Water moves from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.   Water moves from an area of high water "concentration" to an area of low water "concentration".   Water moves from an area of low water "concentration" to an area of high water "concentration".

Channels are an example of transporters with alternating gates; in other words, channels change conformation upon cargo binding to release the cargo on the opposite side of the membrane. True or False? Polar solutes must be ‘re-hydrated’ by the interactions with the transporter to allow for rapid transport. True or False? The sodium potassium pump is an example of an antiport. True or False?