Suppose MAC functions for two firms, Firm 1 and Firm 2, are MAC₁= 60-2E and MAC₂-48-3E2 respectively. (i) Suggest the (socially) cost-effective way to set emission standards for the two firms to reduce their combined level of emissions to 20 units. [Note that we want only 20 units of emissions from the two firms at the end.] (ii) What is the sum of the abatement costs (or total social compliance costs) when emissions are reduced from the two firms to 20 units in the socially cost-effective manner by using emission standards. [This is related to part (i).] (iii) What emission tax rate applied simulataneously to the two firms reduces the combined level of emissions to 20 units from the two firms just as the cost-effective way to set standards? [This question needs to answered based on your answer(s) to part (ii).]

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Describe the key symmetry between a pollution emissions tax and an emissions trading scheme. Outline some reasons you might wish to choose one approach in favour of the other when dealing with an emissions-reduction problem.

Suppose the marginal benefit (MB) and marginal cost (MC) curves for emitting particulate matter are given by the following schedules, where E is the quantity of emissions per period. The marginal benefits and costs are measured at the quantities of emissions shown. E/Period MB ($ MC ($) 0 230 0 200 190 10 400 150 30 600 110 50 800 70 70 1000 30 90 Use the information above to calculate the tax rate that would achieve the efficient rate of emissions. Efficient Tax Rate =$__ per unit of pollution

Suppose that a firm's marginal abatement cost function with existing technologies is MAC = 12  - E. If the firm adopts new pollution abatement technologies, then its marginal abatement cost function will become MAC = 6  - 0.5E. With an emissions tax of $4, the benefits of adopting the new technologies equal $____. Please round your final answer to two decimal places if necessary. THE ANSWER IS NOT 16  Maybe 4?

A utility company is closely monitoring a new set of federal guidelines recently passed by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) regarding allowable green house (CO2) emission levels. In this example, the primary external factor of concern for the utility company in question. environment is the A Technological Regulatory (also political and legal) C Competitive D Economic

Consider an industry with two firms that emit a uniformly mixed air pollutant (e.g., carbon dioxide). The marginal abatement cost functions for Firm 1 and Firm 2 are: MAC1 = 100 - e1 MAC2 = 100 - 4e2 Aggregate emissions for the industry are denoted as E = e1 + e2. 1. In an unregulated environment how many units of emissions does each firm emit?             Firm 1’s unregulated level of emissions ____________             Firm 2’s unregulated level of emissions ____________             Total unregulated level of emissions ______________ Suppose a regulator has a goal of reducing the total level of emissions from the amount from the amount you answered in [1] to 25 units. The regulator would like to achieve the goal of 25 units of total emissions in a cost-effective way. To do so it issues 25 permits, 10 are given to Firm 1 and 15 are given to Firm 2. A firm can only emit a unit of pollution if they have a permit for that unit, otherwise they must abate. After the permits are allocated,…

3) The supply and demand of sugar are given as Q. = 5P, Q = 250- P where Q, is tons supplied per year, P is the price per ton; Qa is tons demanded per year. Because of the pollution associated with production, marginal external costs of 40 are associated with each ton of sugar. Assuming that sugar is sold in a competitive market, a) What is the market price? How many tons of paper will be produced per year at that price? b) What is the efficient output of paper? c) What is the amount of total Pigouvian tax to achieve efficiency? d) What is the amount of total Pigouvian subsidy to achieve efficiency?

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No hand written solution Afirm has an industrial plant that emits pollutants into a town’s lake. The plant’s marginal abatement function is MAC= 200 – 0.5E and damages caused by its emissions are given by MD = 2E where emissions are in kg. per day. What is the socially efficient level of emissions from this plant? Illustrate this in a graph.   As an incentive to reduce emissions to the socially efficient level, government offers to pay the firm for each kg. of emissions it abates per day from this plant.   What subsidy per kg. should the government offer? If the plant abates to the socially efficient level of emissions, what total subsidy payment would the firm receive? Identify the area in your graph. How much better or worse off would the firm be compared to if it did no abating? Identify the area in your graph. What would be the net benefit to society if we pay the firm to reduce the plant’s emissions to the socially efficient level? Identify this area in your graph.