Subgames • At each node where a player makes a decision, we can think about the "subgame" starting at that node • A subgame is the portion of the tree following a particular node • • • How many subgames does our first sequential move example have? How many subgames does our entry game have? How many subgames does the game on the right have? • What are its Nash equilibria? Player 1 (1,4) T Player 2 U B (5,2) (3,3) P Player 1 D L 9 (2,0) Player 2 R (6,2)
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- Question 28 Suppose the following game: I Player 1 nice nice Player 2 50, 50 mean 90,20 Which of the following is true? mean 20,90 30, 30 O Both players play "mean" with a 70 % chance, and "nice" with a 30% chance. O There is no Nash Equilibrium in pure strategies, there is only one Nash Equilibrium in mixed strategies. Both players play "nice" with a 70% chance, and "mean" with a 30% chance. There is no Nash Equilibrium in mixed strategies, there is only one Nash Equilibrium in pure strategies.Player 2 E F H A 6, 5 6, 7 9, 6 7,6 В Player 1 C 6, 7 6, 9 8, 5 9, 7 5, 8 5, 6 7,5 7,5 7,9 8, 7 11, 6 5, 6 (1) In the Unique Nash equilibrium of this game, which strategy does Player1 play? And why? (2) In the Unique Nash equilibrium of this game, which strategy does Player2 play? And why? (3) Is this game dominance solvable? And Why? (4) Does this game have at least one inadmissible Nash equilibrium? And Why?4. Consider a two player game with Fred and Barney, who tal turns removing matchsticks from a pile. They start with 33 matchsticks, and Fred goes first. On each turn, ecach player may remove either one, two, three, four, or five matchsticks. The player to remove the last matchstick wins the game. What are the optimal strategies for each player? Who will win? b. Suppose now that they can remove up to six matchsticks, how will the optimal strategies change for- each player? a.
- Consider the following game: Player 2 In Out Player 1 In -2,-2 2, 0 Out 0, 2 0, 0 (a) What is the Nash equilibrium of this game, or what are the Nash equilibriaof this game? (b) Does either firm have a dominate strategy (a strategy that is always abest response)? Which? (c) Suppose Player 1 could move before Player 2 and Player 2 could observe Player 1’s move. What do you think would happen?12. Consider a game where each player picks a number from 0 to 60. The guess that is closest to half ofthe average of the chosen numbers wins a prize. If several peopleare equally close, then they share theprize. The game theory implies that (A) all players have dominant strategies to choose 0 (B) all players have dominant strategies to choose 30 (C) there is a Nash equilibrium where all players pick 0 (D) there is a Nash equilibrium where all players pick positive numbers 13. Behavioral data in such games suggests that (A) most subjects choose 0; (B) most subjects choose 30; (C) common answers include 30, 15, 7.5, and 0; (D) most subjects use randomization. Can you help me answer number 13 please?2. Consider a game that game theory people refer to as the “ultimatum game.”We will refer to our two players as the “offerer” and the “decider”. How the gameworks is that the offerer proposes a way to split $1000 between the two players.While this could be done in a variety of ways, we will assume that the offerersonly has two possible proposals: Either a 50-50 split, or she offers the decider$50 and keeps the rest. The decider can either accept or reject the offer. If the offer is accepted, the money is split as proposed. If the offer is rejected, themoney spontaneously combusts and nobody gets anything. a) List the strategies for each player and write an extensive form version of thegame with payouts. b) List all the Nash equilibria of this game. c) Explain which, if any of the Nash equilibrium are not sub-game perfect. d) Write the game out in normal form and find the pure strategy Nashequilibrium. Explain how this matches with your answers to (b) and (c) . Alsoexplain why there…
- learn.canterbury.ac.nz Clasarsom Nov 15-ICO EUC LEARN | AKO See the game below and answer the questions 8 to 11: Player-1 C Player-2 X, Y Y Player-1 9 14 8. Player-2 16 17 16 Nash Equilibrium in this game: Select one: O a. Playert: C; Player2: X O b. Playert: C; Player2: Y Oc. Playert: L; Player2: X Od. Playert: L; Player2: Y e. NoneQuestion 1 Saue Answe Consider a 2-player game with strategy sets S1-(a,b}for player 1 and Sz =(c,d) for player 2. Which statement is true if player 1 has no dominant strategy? O Strategy b guaranteos playor 1 the best possible payaff, no matter what strategy player 2 choosos. O Depending on what strategy player 2 chooses, sometimes strategy a leads to a (weakly) higher payoff for player 1 than strategy b, and sometimes strategy b leads to a (weakiy) higher payoff for player 1 than strategy a. O We cannot say whether any of the other 3 alternatives is true. O Strategy a guarantees player 1 the best possible payoff, no matter whhat strategy player 2 chooses.2. Consider the following Bayesian game with two players. Both players move simultaneously and player 1 can choose either H or L, while player 2's options are G, M, and D. With probability 1/2 the payoffs are given by "Game 1" : GMD H 1,2 1,0 1,3 L 2,4 0,0 0,5 and with probability 1/2 the payoffs are according to "Game 2" : G |M|D H 1,2 1,3 1,0 L 2,4 0,5 0,0 (a) Find the Nash Equilibria when neither player knows which game is actually played. (b) Assume now that player 2 knows which one among the two games is actually being played. Check that the game has a unique Bayesian Nash Equilibrium.
- Consider a repeated game with the following stage game: Player 1 O O O Cooperate Not Cooperate This game is repeated T-120 times, and t each period both players must choose their actions simultaneously. The players are deciding whether or not to cooperate specifically, whether or not to follow this cooperation strategy: r≤ 3 S|S|AW|N N|H "Each player will play cooperate as long as no one has played Not Cooperate before. If someone has played Not Cooperate before, then each player will play Not Cooperate forever." rs 5 rs Player 2 In this case, cooperation will be possible if the interest rate r is Not Cooperate 5,15 10, 10 None of the above Cooperate 12, 12 15,5What is Ann's maximin strategy? Game Bob L RAnn U 10,-1 4, 4 D 4, 1 8, -1 Select one: a.none of the other answers b.4/7 U + 3/7 D c.2/5 U+ 3/5 D d.2/7 U + 5/7 D e.3/5 U + 2/5 D1. Consider the following sequential game: Left (3,5) Mary Go (6,4) Up Right John Stop (5.7) John (a) Draw the game tree of the game. John Go Down (4,1) Left Mary Stop (2,5) Right (6,-1) (John as player 1 and Mary as player 2) By backward induction, find a Nash equilibrium and the corresponding payoffs. 2. Eve and Noa start with $10 in each of their piles. They take turns choosing one of two actions, continue or stop, with Eve choosing first. Each time a player says continue, $10 will be removed from her pile, and $20 will be added to the other player's pile. The game automatically stops when the total amount in their piles reaches $60. (Eve as player 1 and Noa as player 2) (b) By backward induction, find a Nash equilibrium and the corresponding payoffs.