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Renal tubule cells in the kidney medulla are constantly exposed to high extracellular osmolarity. How do they maintain normal cell volume?
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- Drinking alcohol inhibits ADH secretion. What effect will drinking a beer have on the permeability of kidney tubules to sodium? To water?Renal tubule cells in the kidney medulla are constantly exposed to high extracellular osmolirity. How do they maintain normal cell volume?What is the normal osmolarity of extracellular fluid?
- What effect might a change in extracellular osmolarity have on the movement of water across cell membranes (you can assume that plasma and interstitial fluid osmolarities are the same)?When the kidneys filter plasma, the filtered glucose is reabsorbed from the renal tubules and is not passed in the urine. However, glucose can appear in the urine when the blood sugar is exceptionally high. Given that glucose is reabsorbed by carrier-mediated transport, what functional aspect of carrier-mediated transport does the appearance of glucose in urine demonstrate? Explain.Will osmolality remain the same in both extracellular and intracellular fluid? How much will be the osmolality?
- The immediate effect of ADH on the renal tubules of frogs and mice is the same, yet when ADH is secreted, frogs produce urine that is approximately isosmotic to their blood plasma, whereas mice produce urine far more concentrated than their blood plasma. Explain this difference in terms of the factors affecting osmosis in the kidneys of frogs and mice.ADH, by itself, cannot reduce an increase in osmolality in body fluids. Why not? What other mechanism is required?Name the substance responsible for most of the osmoticpressure of the extracellular fluid.
- Severe vomiting and diarrhea cause a loss of water and solutes from extracellular fluids. If the person was given only water, what effect would this have on the solute concentration of the extracellular fluids? Would osmosis results in water entering or leaving cells?1. There is a medical condition called Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone (SIADH) secretion, which can occur as a result of head trauma. Patients with this condition retain water and present with a volume imbalance. A) Name the type of volume imbalance and accompanying direction of changes in ICF and ECF volumes and osmolality. B) Calculate the changes in osmolality and volumes of extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments if 3 liters of water are retained by a patient with SIADH. You can assume that the patient’s initial volumes were ECF=14 L, ICF=28 L. And his initial body osmolality = 290 mOsM. Remember that the total solute in the ICF compartment is kept in place by the cell membrane barrier.Blood volume must be restored in a person who has lost large amounts of blood due to serious injury. This is often accomplished by infusing isotonic NaCl solution into the blood. Why is this more effective than infusing an isoosmotic solution of a penetrating solute, such as urea?