In HIV, helper T cells are affected. Describe how this impacts both the humoral and cell- mediated immune system. Why would an ordinary cold virus be dangerous to an AIDS patient?

with HIV, explain the mechanism of intracellular infection and the role of reverse transcriptase. What would you explain about the process?  What is the significance of the CD4+ count? ( Discuss the meaning of various ranges of CD4 counts.) List 5 opportunistic infections AND describe data to suggest whether or not a patient has such an infection.

How can an intracellular virus be targeted by a particular T cell response? Describe the mechanism of antigen presentation.

The influenza virus produces a protein that degrades interferon. How does this increase its virulence?

Which two types of immune cells can viruses avoid if they present “fake” MHC class I molecules when infecting a cell?

These are released by host cells in response to viral stimulation. Some act to prevent viral infection of nearby susceptible host cells. Histamine Interferons Compliment Prostaglandins

Draw a figure illustrating the sequence of events in a typical inflammatory response to a bacterial infection caused by injury to the skin (in 3 main stages). Include a note at top of figure: Is this an example of an innate response or adaptive immune response? Include the following structures/cells/chemicals: epidermis, dermis, splinter contaminated with bacteria puncturing skin, macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, nitric oxide (as blue dots), endothelial cells lining capillary, red blood cells within capillary, histamine (as green dots). Under each stage, describe the events occurring in the 3 main stages: Stage 1: What do mast cells and endothelial cells produce in initial response to injury? What do the chemicals produced by the cells do? Stage 2: What happens to capillaries? What leaks out of capillaries to enter the site of the wound? Stage 3: What do neutrophils and macrophages do? What happens to capillaries at this point?

The envelope protein gp120 (Glycoprotein 120) is required for the attachment of the HIV virus to CD 4 receptors of target host cells. Identify the immune cells that consist of CD 4 receptors?

Many cells in the human body have proteins on the surface that are able to interact with the receptors of helper T cells. Explain the mechanisms and why it is that such an interaction or signal does not usually result in an autoimmune reaction?

Which link in the chain of infection is the intervention described below meant to break? "N95 respirators reduce the wearer's exposure to airborne particles, from small particle aerosols to large droplets. N95 respirators are tight-fitting respirators that filter out at least 95% of particles in the air, including large and small particles." (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019- ncov/hcp/respirator-use-faq.html) Portal of entry Means of transmission O Infectious agent Susceptible host