Nonhomologous chromosomes 22 22 Environmental agent causes 2 chromosomes to braak Crossover betwoen nonhomologous chromosomes Two mechanisms that cause a reciprocal translocation. (a) When two differentchromosomes break, the reactive ends are recognized by DNA repair enzymes, which attempt to reattach them. If two different chromosomes are broken at the same time, the broken Reactive ends pieces may reattach incorrectly. (b) A nonhomologous crossover has occurred between chromosome 1 and chromosome 7. This crossover DNA repalr enzymas recognize reactive ends and Incorrectly connect them. yields two chromosomes that carry translocations. Reciprocal translocation (b) Nonhomologous crossover Rociprocal translocation (a) Chromosomal breakage and DNA ropair N EEID

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Genetic Evolution

Sexual reproduction produces distinct population variations. Heredity determines the traits and qualities to be passed down to the progeny. Over time, this variation within-species is also affected by the process of human evolution. The study of how genetic variation leads to evolutionary changes is known as genetic evolution. If a trait helps an organism to survive and reproduce, it is more likely to be passed down the generations. It is rare that such traits result in a completely distinct set of traits in descendants than the ancestral population; this can result in the emergence of a new species.