Nearest neighbour distance 765432 Inter-individual difference 18 86 120 80 6 + 21 Wild-type Mutant Wild-type Mutant Figure 1. Shoaling behaviour of wild-type and mutant zebrafish expressed as the nearest neighbour and inter- individual differences.

3 PTC Tasting: Complete this exercise with a partner. PTC (phenylthiocarbamide) is a bitter-tasting chemical found in some plants. Similar chemicals are found in broccoli and grapefruit. PTC is not found is human food, but if it was, it would be a powerful deterrent to eating that food. PTC tasting is a dominant trait. People who can taste PTC very strongly are called "supertasters". Most people (about 70% of most populations) are "tasters", but about 30% of any random group usually is made up of "non-tasters". For this experiment, let's assume that your genotype for this trait is Tt (heterozygous) We will assume that your partner's genotype is tt (homozygous recessive) Complete the following Punnett Square with your and your partner's genotypes for PTC tasting: $ 4 you partner t t % 5 T t t Oll 6 y & 7 O Probability (percentage) of having PTC-tasting child? Non-PTC tasting child? *80 O 9 % % ✓ 0 4

NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE Part IV-That's Not All The researchers were concerned that the type of car waiting or some behavior of the driver of that car might make a difference in the actions of the people in their first study. To deal with this, they designed an experiment. They used a low status car (1985 Nissan Maxima) and a high status car (1994 Infinity Q45 or 1993 Lexus SC400). They had three levels of intrusion: (1) no intrusion (no car waited for the spot), (2) low intrusion (the other car waited four spaces from and facing the direction of the departing car), and (3) high intrusion (the car waited four spaces from the departing car, turned on its turn signal, and honked the horn once after the driver sat behind the wheel). The high status cars were involved in half of each of the intrusion conditions; the low status cars in the other half of the intrusion conditions. An observer recorded the number of seconds it took the driver to leave the space after…

Prairie dogs exhibit a behavior that appears to be contrary to that of natural selection. One will act as a lookout for the others of the community, demonstrating a warning call when observing an eagle flying overhead. This loud noise calls attention to himself which puts him more in harms way than if he ran to hide discretely. However, the warning call allows the others of his community to react and protect themselves. This selfless act is an example of imprinting innate behavior altruistic behavior classical conditioning 500