Much of animal behaviour theory is rooted in optimality, using this theory and thinking about territory size, construct a well-labeled graph below: sketch two lines (one for costs, one for benefits), with an asterisk (or symbol of your choosing) indicate the theoretical optimal territory size and in one sentence, explain why that particular territory size is optimal . Costs/benefits
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- There are three chief ideas of the handicap principle: 1) Animals communicate with éach other throughn sigi must be honest, and 3) honest signals are expensive. Stotting behavior (up and down jumps gazelles exhibit when they spot a predator before the gazelle runs away) often results in the predator leaving before it attacks, presumably because the predator knows it won't easily catch that gazelle. This clearly is an example of the handicap principle based on the three ideas. True FalseConsider the following argument: Altruistic behavior in groups of related individuals is most likely driven by kin selection since related individuals would share DNA. Which of the following pieces of evidence would be most likely to weaken this argument? Data showing that only distantly related individuals are most likely to perform altruistic behaviors in order to protect each other Data showing that food gifts are given more common among family members than between unrelated individuals in a group Data showing that individuals that share a higher percentage of DNA in a group tend to show the most altruistic behavior between themselves Data showing that the more frequent an allele of a gene occurs in a population, the more likely that population performs altruistic behaviorsWhat is the best description of the original Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model? Nis prey, P is predator. a is rate of consumption, f is conversion of prey to predator, and q is the mortality rate of the predator. dP rN - aNP= = faNP - qP dt dt Type 1 functional response with density-dependent prey and density- independent predator Type 1 functional response with density-independent prey and density- independent predator Type 1 functional response with density-dependent prey and density-dependent predator Type 1 functional response with density-independent prey and density- dependent predator
- During mating season, males of certain species will perform displays of aggression toward other males when approached while they are courting a female. This type of behavior is an example of altruistic behavior agonistic behavior fixed action pattern polygamous behavior predatory behavior The capacity to make changes in behavior on the basis of experience is known as a fixed action. learning. habituation. conditioning. Which of the following statements is not true concerning the optimal foraging theory? forager tries to maximize the energy gained forager tries to minimize the energy expended forager secures essential nutrients forager tries to minimize the risk of getting eaten while gathering food forager contributes to the growth of its population by gathering food5) According to the optimal foraging theory, which of the following is NOT one of the factors that influence the likelihood of a predator's selecting a prey type? Question 5 options: search time required to find alternative prey types profitability of the prey type handling time energy content probability of their own predationWhich statement is true about the data in the graphs for three spider species? Crab spider Jumping spider -- - Wolf spider Height of webs Prey Size Crab spiders have the highest intraspecific trait variation for height of webs The three spider species likely have competitive exclusion due to prey size Jumping spiders out compete crab spiders and wolf spiders The three spiders should not coexist based on the height of their webs The three spider species should not coexist based on their prey size Proportion of population Proportion of population
- Which of the following ecological situations would result in INCREASED selection on the peaceful “dove” strategy relative to the hawk-dove game discussed in class? Increased value of the resource Unlikely that the individual will have future opportunities to get the resource Decreased cost of displaying All of the aboveUse Verbal description of results from graph and then Interpret the graph for Foraging in Mixed Species Flocks sccenario in foraging lab. The interpretations must include Were the results expected and Did they support the hypotheses? If so, state the biological significance of the results from graph. If the results deviated significantly from expected results, discuss the hypotheses onthe basis of expected results and include an explanation of why this might be so. Lastly, state the conclusions drawn from the experiment and their biological relevance. Hypothesis: the assumption underscores the enhancement of foraging efficiency associated with the establishment of mixed-species flocks, emphasizing the advantages of cooperation and safety in numbers.A breeding pair of birds receives help raising their young from an unrelated male bird. This behavior is termed cooperative breeding and in some ways this seems like an evolutionary paradox since helpers seem to be acting in ways that increase the fitness of others at their own cost. .How might providing this assistance improve the fitness of the unrelated male bird? Increasing the fitness of the unrelated offspring directly increases the unrelated bird's fitness O The cooperative relationship helps the unrelated male survive until he can find a mate and produce offspring of his own Rearing unrelated offspring delays sexual maturity in the helper bird so he has fewer offspring over the course of his life. Because he does not ever produce offspring of his own, the helper bird has a longer and healthier life.
- Now consider the illustration above that shows data on how often white fronted bee eater birds will feed the offspring of other birds as a function of the relatedness to those birds. 100 80 Merops bullockoides Unrelated Cousin (0%) (-12%) Half sib (25%) Full sib (50%) Relationship to nestlings Do these data support the conclusion that altruistic behavior, specifically kin selection, is occurring here? Specifically do the data satisfy Hamilton's rule for altruistic behavior and what specifically in the data would represent the terms C and r in Hamilton's equation? Edit View Insert Format Tools Table 12pt v Paragraph V BI V T² V Underline Percentage of individuals that help 60 40- 20 0Based on these graphs, and assuming head raises of European finches helps watch for predators but also has a trade-off with eating, select the statements that these graphs support. Total head raises of entire flock per minute (a) 28 24 20 16 12 8 4 4 5 Flock size 0 1 2 3 6 Individual head raises per minute (b) 12 10 8 N T 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Flock size Time to husk a seed (seconds) As the flock size increases, individuals have less access to food 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 1 C 01 2 3 4 5 6 Flock size O The larger the size of the flock, the smaller the fitness of each individual As the flock size increases, individuals are able to eat more quickly The graphs support the hypothesis that there is no tradeoff at the individual level between watching for predators and husking seeds When groups are larger, individuals can spend less time watching for predators, but as a group they have spend more. The graphs support the hypothesis that there is a tradeoff at the individual level between watching for…Consider the graph below. Illustrated is the proportion of attacks on four different colored insects inhabiting green leaves. Which color of insect has the lowest fitness on average? 50 40 30 Proportion of attacks by a predator (%) 20 10 0 O brown brown O orange red O green orange red Color of insect green