Large animals should have higher lifetime probabilities of cancer than small animals because each cell division carries a risk of mutating towards a tumor lineage, and large animals have many more cells. However, this is not observed—a paradox that suggests large and/or long-lived species tend to evolve effective cancer suppression mechanisms. Based on the principle of allocation, the evolutionary value of cancer suppression should be determined by the ‘cost’ of suppression (decreased fecundity) vs. the ‘cost’ of cancer (reduced survivorship). Should effective cancer suppression be more common in more r-selected (fast life history) or K-selected (slow life history) species? Explain your reasoning.

Every year, about a million Americans are diagnosed with cancer. This means that about 75 million Americans now living will eventually have cancer, And one in five will die of the disease. There are many kinds of cancers and many causes, such as smoking, overexposure to ultraviolet rays, a high fat and low fiber diet, and some workplace chemicals. Hundreds of millions of dollars are spent each year on searching for treatment, yet less money is spent on prevention. Should we devote more resources to treating cancer or to preventing it? Explain.

How would you expect the mitotic index of a cancer tissue to compare with that of the onion root tip?

With regard to human cancer cells, which of the following statements is true? A. Cancer cells within one tumor usually do not share common mutations B. Cancer cells generally have lost the ability to divide C. Oncogenes are non-human genes not related to normal genes in the human genome  D. Mutations in DNA repair genes result in an increased chance of getting cancer.

Explain how our understanding of the molecular basis of cancer has been used to develop new approaches to treat cancer

p53 iš an important tumor suppressor gene that is activated in response to a variety of stress signals. Upon activation it induces a cell cycle arrest or cell death. Hence, loss-of-function mutations in the p53 gene are found in almost every type of cancer. How do you predict loss-of-function mutations in the DNA binding domain of the p53 protein affect its function? OIt no longer will act as activator of gene expression O It no longer will act as repressor of gene expression O It no longer will act as activator or repressor of gene expression O It no longer will act as coactivator or corepressor

which of the following is peto's paradox? o despite having more cells ( and therefore more genome replications), large mammals like whales and elephants rarely get cancer. o naked mole rates rarely get cancer. o tardigrades are able to withstand radiation doses that would normally induce mautations and cause cancer in other organisms. o despite have a short lifespan ( and rapid reproduction period), rabbits rarely get cancer.

Question in photo

Researchers were interested in the association between having a splenectomy and developing pancreatic cancer. In 2017, the researchers used medical records data from a hospital that was collected between 2000 to 2010. They identified 2,200 patients who had undergone splenectomy surgery between 2000 and 2010 and 33,000 patients who attended the hospital but did not have that form of surgery during that same period; all of the participants were cancer-free during that time. Researchers used the medical records data beginning in 2010 to follow the participants for development of cancer between 2010 and 2016 and calculated person-time at risk.   The study found that 78 participants who had splenectomy surgery later developed cancer and contributed 62,175 person-years of follow up. In the non-surgery group, 12 cases of cancer occurred and they contributed 156,932 person-years of follow up.   What is the source population for this study? Researchers were interested in the association…