If a cell wants to directly affect transcription of genes by utilizing cell signaling which of the following molecules would a cell use in order to do this?
Q: During cell signaling, binding of a ligand to the outside of a cell leads to: A. A signal being…
A: In cell biology, cell signaling is defined as the mechanism of receiving the signal, processing it…
Q: Explain how a kinase cascade works. Why is this advantageous in the context of hormone signaling?
A: When a signalling molecule (ligand) binds to the receptors on another another cell, a cascade of…
Q: A scientist notices that when she adds a small, watersoluble molecule to a dish of cells, the cells…
A: Enzyme-linked receptor activation causes many intracellular signalling proteins to be binded and…
Q: How Are Signaling Pathways Organized and Integrated?
A: Signalling pathways are the pathway which provides interaction between two cells. They release…
Q: Cite a metabolic pathway where active protein kinase is needed and explain its mechanism of action.
A: Metabolism is the sum total of all reactions occurring within the cells. Metabolic reactions are of…
Q: For most signaling molecules, explain why a signal transduction pathway is necessary
A: Introduction As multicellular organisms are made up of a lot of cells, there must be coordination…
Q: If some cell-surface receptors, including Notch, can rapidly signal to the nucleus by activating…
A: The biological cells are a hub of metabolic activities. These cells interact among themselves to…
Q: What key role does signal transduction play in the signaling process?
A: Signal transduction is a biochemical process through which molecular signals got transmitted from…
Q: What happens if a cell is missing a receptor for a particular signaling molecule?
A: Cell-surface receptors are cell surface, membrane-anchored (integral) proteins that bind to foreign…
Q: What is protein kinase?
A: Answer- kinase is a type of enzyme that is used to transfer the phosphate group from high energy…
Q: Explain The Sevenless signaling pathway?
A: Sevenless signalling pathway is also known as Receptor Tyrosine Kinase pathway (RTK). RTK is a…
Q: What is a signal sequence, and what is it recognized by? In what cellular process do signal…
A: Signal peptide The N-terminus among most newly produced proteins that are headed for the secretory…
Q: What is the main benefit of cell signaling over long distances (ex: signaling via hormone secretion…
A: Cell signaling is the essential cycle by which explicit data is moved from the cell surface to the…
Q: What are the two major mechanisms through which cell signaling leads to a change in cell behavior?
A: Cells respond to the changes in their immediate environment. To cope up with such changes the cell…
Q: What are the possible outcomes of cell signaling?
A: Cell signaling refers to the biological phenomenon of cellular communication. The process of cell…
Q: What is the sequence of events that takes place in cell signaling?
A: Cell signaling can be described as the cellular mechanism through which a cell is allowed to detect…
Q: Provide an overview of the cell signaling process.
A: Cell signalling forms a part of a communication process that co-ordinates multiple actions of the…
Q: Cell signaling in plant and animal cells is similar in some ways and different in others. What are…
A: Cell signaling means cells present in organisms interact with surrounding and other cells for proper…
Q: What is protein kinase C?
A: Proteins are enzymes that serve as biological catalysts. Catalysts help to speed up chemical…
Q: List some possible responses to signaling pathways.
A: Cell signaling is the fundamental mechanism through which a cell produces chemical compounds that…
Q: Describe some of the protein domains that are commonly found within signaling proteins.
A: A protein domain is a region of the proteins polypeptide chains that is self stabilizing and that…
Q: What happens to a cell if cyclin-dependent kinases are silenced? What if overexpressed?
A: Number of regulatory system of the cell which monitors the progress in cell cycle and can inhibit…
Q: What is the response step of signaling?
A: The cells have to adapt their behavior to stay alive and not misuse their resources. like if a cell…
Q: What is the difference between a protein kinase and a secondmessenger? Can both operate in the same…
A: Signal transduction, also called cell signaling, is the process by which molecular signals are…
Q: Why does signaling always involve a cascade of multiple enzymatic reactions?
A: The answer is - to Amplify one signal into response that involves many enzymes. For Example- in a…
Q: What are the three main parts of a signaling pathway? Give a detailed specific example, such as how…
A: Cell signaling is part of the cellular communication process that regulates the basic activities of…
Q: Briefly explain how integral membrane proteins can participate in intracellular signaling.
A: The plasma membrane, also well known as the cell membrane is the membrane that separates the…
Q: Describe how water-soluble ligands transmit a signal into a cell.
A: A ligand is a molecule that attaches to another molecule and, in some situations, sends a signal as…
Q: What is the first step in the action of a messenger on a cell?
A: An intercellular messenger is a chemical released by the cell that has the ability to influence…
Q: What are kinases and what do they do?
A: Enzymes are the various biologically active proteins that catalyze various metabolic processes in…
Q: Briefly describe how a single signaling molecule signal is amplified inside a cell.
A: Signal transduction is the process of conversion of an extracellular signal into an intracellular…
Q: a. Cytoplasmic Receptor b. Transmembrane Receptor c. Intracellular Receptor d. Nuclear…
A: Cell signalling is the process which results in changes in cell metabolism.
Q: How do signaling proteins form specific complexes? Provide examples.
A: Signaling protein: In almost all cells, there is a protein on the membrane known as a…
Q: What is a signal-transduction pathway? Why are mutations in components of signal-transduction…
A: Cells are the basic structural, functional, and biological units of all living organisms. It is the…
Q: Explain why cells contain an array of protein phosphatases as well as protein kinases.
A: Enzyme is a catalytic molecule that increases the rate of any chemical reaction without being used…
Q: What happens if a kinase is overactive and phosporylates the protein too much?
A: Kinase is one of the common enzyme which helps to transfer the phosphate groups from a phosphate…
Q: Explain how an indirect neurotransmitter receptor mechanism (like A-G linked receptor) conduct cell…
A: neurotransmitters are chemical messenger that are capable of carrying, amplifying, and…
Q: A cell signaling molecule that triggers an effect only in the vicinity of the cell secreting is is…
A: In multicellular organisms, cells can send and receive chemical messages constantly to coordinate…
Q: What happens after a signaling molecule binds to its receptor and flips a molecular switch?
A: The cell detects its signal, a nearby cell detects its compatible receptor for that signal. The…
Q: EXPLAIN why it is false. The only way to open an initial channel on a cell is to give it a…
A: The only way to open an initial channel on a cell is to give it a ligand / signal. Correct Answer:…
Q: How is an extracellular signal converted to an intracellular signal in signal transduction? Give a…
A: Signal transduction is a process in cell signaling.
Q: Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which a cell can send a signal to another cell?
A: Q. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which a cell can send a signal to another cell?…
Q: Describe ways a cell might terminate a signal pathway.
A: Within the cell different signalling pathways are involved that causes different cellular processes.…
Q: Why might a compound resembling ADP function as an inhibitor of a protein kinase?
A: ADP (adenosine diphosphate) is a biomolecule which is major metabolical and biological processes of…
Q: The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is characterized by a. dimerization and…
A: Tyrosine kinases are enzymes that involve in the phosphorylation of amino acid tyrosine. Kinases use…
Q: Describe several specific examples of signaling pathways (celll cell communication)in animals and…
A: Q. Describe several specific examples of signaling pathways (celll cell communication)in animals and…
Q: Describe three types of responses that cells make to signaling molecules.
A: Cell signaling is part of any communication process that governs the basic activities of cells and…
Q: What is the function of a protein kinase? What amino acids are often phosphorylated by kinases?
A: All cells receive and respond to signals from their surroundings. Each cell is programmed to respond…
Q: What is the function of a protein kinase?
A: A protein kinase is a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate…
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- You have discovered a new human genetic disorder that affects a relay molecule involved in the cellular response to the neurotransmitter dopamine. Which step in cell signaling would be most directly affected in this disorder? O Signal reception O Signal transduction O The cellular response to the signal O This can't be determined from the information givenWhich is true about signaling receptors? They are transmembrane proteins that have binding sites for extracellular activated proteinsto effect changes inside the cell. They are transmembrane proteins that have binding sites for extracellular DNA-binding proteins to effect changes inside the cell. They are transmembrane proteins that have binding sites for extracellular enzyme effectors to effect changes inside the cell. They are transmembrane proteins that have binding sites for extracellular messengers to effect changes inside the cell.If an animal cell suddenly loses the ability to produce GTP, what will most likely happen to its signaling system? It will not be able to activate G proteins on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. O It will be able to carry out reception and transduction but would not be able to respond to a signal. O It will use ATP instead of GTP to activate G proteins on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. O It will not be able to activate receptor tyrosine kinases.
- Intracellular receptors usually bind O Water-soluble signals O Large molecules that act as signals O Signals on the cell surface O Lipid-soluble signals O Protein growth factorsThe step(s) involved in cell signaling are: Signaling cell synthesizes and secretes a signaling molecule The signaling molecule binds to a receptor of the target cell O Extracellular signal is converted into O intracellular signal followed by the response All of the aboveDuring signal transduction (a) the cell converts an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal that leads to a change in some cell process (b) a signaling molecule directly activates or represses several genes (c) each enzyme catalyzes production of one molecule of product (d) enzymes in the signal cascade remain active until the last component of the pathway alters a cellular process (e) the signal is terminated by cyclic AMP
- Pathway divergence occurs when: signaling pathways use a common intermediate one signaling pathway triggers another O signaling pathways produce the same outcome signaling pathways split to produce multiple outcomes Question 8 Where are receptor tyrosine kinases usually phosphorylated? O tyrosine residues in the allosteric regulatory portion tyrosine residues in the N-terminal portion tyrosine residues in the transmembrane portion O tyrosine residues in the C-terminal portionProteases are enzymes that destroy proteins. Application of these enzymes to an intact cell strips the proteins off the cell surface. If a specific signaling molecule is added to cells stripped of surface proteins and the cell still responds, what must be true of the signaling pathway? The receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel. The signaling molecule doesn't need a receptor. The signal can directly activate the second messenger system and does not need to activate the receptor. The receptor for this signal is inside the cell, and the signaling molecule is nonpolar and can diffuse into the cell.Explain how each of the following is a signaling molecule, an effector molecule or an adaptor molecule 1.cAMP 2.beta-catenin 3.phospholipase D
- Histamine is a chemical substance released in inflammatory and allergic response. The histamine H1 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that activates phospholipase C in response to the binding of histamine. Arrange the data below showing the process of histamine signal transduction from the H1 receptor. Calcium ions flow through ligand-gated ion channel. Phosphorylation cascade leads to the activation of a cellular response. Calcioum ions activate a protein, leading to a cellular response. Enzyme cleaves PIP2, forming DAG and IP3. Calcium iom concentration increases in the cytosol. IP3 binds to a ligand-gated ion channel in thw ER membrane.Which of the following may occur as a result of cross-talk? (Select ALL correct answers) O A cell may have a stronger response to a ligand than usual A cell may have a weaker response to a ligand than usual A signaling pathway may branch, leading to two responses The ligand may be blocked from activating the receptor 000In terms of cell communication, compare and contrast the action of hydrophilic versus hydrophobic ligands (signaling molecules). What type of receptor is used by these ligands? How does each type of ligand influence cell activity?