Briefly describe how a single signaling molecule signal is amplified inside a cell.

Q: Describe how the signal transduction pathway leads to activation of MAPKinase or Akt/PKB?

A: Answer: Introduction: Signal transduction is the mechanism by that a biochemical or physical signal…

Q: How can a signal molecule from one cell alter gene expression in a target cell without entering the…

A: Signal molecules are specifically some ligands that mainly bind with the receptors to stimulate the…

Q: 10. When a primary signal needs to sent to most cells throughout a multicellular organism, the…

A: Endocrine glands, which are made up of  specialised cells that release substances  used in…

Q: To examine: Whether the statement “in the regulation of molecular switches, protein kinases and…

A: Small intracellular signalling molecules called second messengers are released in response to…

Q: Which of the following enzymes plays a role in controlling the the half-life of cGMP? (Hint: It is…

A: cGMP or cyclic GMP is cyclization product of GTP by an enzyme called Guanylyl cyclase. This enzyme…

Q: Describe different types of mechanisms of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases involved in causing Cancer?…

A: Cancer is defined as a group of diseases where it is caused due to abnormal cell division and has…

Q: How does an intracellular receptor regulate gene expression in the cell? Describe briefly what…

A: Intracellular receptors found inside the cell. Typically in the nucleus and cytoplasm. They are…

Q: Determine the membrane potential inside the cell and its unit of expression.

A: Over their membrane, every living cell maintains a potential difference. Simply said, differences in…

Q: Suppose that you joined a group of scientists working on a protein which has nuclear localization…

A: Nuclear transport alludes to the mechanisms by which particles get across the nuclear membrane of a…

Q: Describe how cell activities can be regulated in response to signals that alter the concentrations…

A: Cell signaling is the mechanism by which inter and intracellular communications take place, which…

Q: kinase inhibitor that binds Kinase X and prevents ATP binding. Kinase X is part of an important…

A: Proteins are the ultimate functional machinery of a cell. On the surface it appears that they…

Q: Which of the following would you expect to happen if there were a mutation in the Iron Response…

A: Sequences of mRNA called called (IREs) are contained within the mRNA sequences that code for…

Q: What are the basic principles of signal transduction pathways?

A: The signal transduction involves signal transmission. The transmitted signals generate a cellular…

Q: The lipid-soluble thyroxine hormone binds a nuclear receptor that is also a transcription factor.…

A: The cell has many ways to control the activities of specific genes and proteins according to its…

Q: In the Mammalian genome , maximum number of gene code are for which receptors ?

A: Mammalian genome have about 1,00,000 genes and about 100 million nucleotide pairs of coding DNA .

Q: Explain how small effector molecules affect the functions of activators and repressors.

A: Answer: Introduction: Gene expression regulation can be done by various mechanism including,…

Q: What happens in the patched-smoothened signaling system if the hedgehog is NOT present?  A. In the…

A: A gene is a genetic molecule that is passed down from one generation (parents) to the next…

Q: What is the relationship between signal transduction and cellularproliferation?

A: A cell is the basic structural and functional key of life. A cell has multiple organelles that carry…

Q: What role does quorum sensing play in cell signaling and how does it impact microbial communities?

A: Quorum sensing is a cell-to-cell communication process that bacteria use to coordinate group…

Q: With regard to regulatory proteins and small effector molecules, explain the meaning of negative…

A: Regulatory proteins are those proteins that regulate the process of the lac operon and are present…

Q: List several responses a cell might have to a signalingmolecule.

A: The signaling mechanism includes the release of chemicals from a cell that binds to the receptor…

Q: Some signal molecules can bind to extracellular proteins that directly bind DNA and regulate gene…

A: The answer for the above question is true Some signal molecules can bind to the extracellular…

Q: Define what a ligand is. Then give a specific example from class, describing how a ligand acting on…

A: Introduction: Alternations in gene transcription that are mediated via nuclear receptors are…

Q: Drugs and other medicine uses the concept of signaling. Cite some drugs how they mimic natural…

A: There are a few important points :  Receptors : They are chemically protein and glycoprotein which…

Q: What would happen if the intracellular domain of a cellsurface receptor was switched with the domain…

A: Chemical signals are released by signalling cells in the form of small, usually volatile or soluble…

Q: Of the steps listed below, which problem would take you the longest to realize you had a problem in…

A: Receptor tyrosine kinases are abbreviated as RTKs.They constitute one class of transmembrane…

Q: Describe how water-soluble ligands transmit a signal into a cell.

A: A ligand is a molecule that attaches to another molecule and, in some situations, sends a signal as…

Q: Look up the definition of a translator. Which component of the cell translates the genetic code?…

A: The translation is the process by which polypeptide chain or protein is produced from the mRNA…

Q: A normal cell has no growth factor bound to the growth factor receptor. What do you predict about…

A: The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is an important pathway that cells use to…

Q: Complete the sentences about cell signaling using the words and phrases. (Not all words and phrases…

A: The process by which cells interact with other cells in their body or with the outside environment…

Q: In quorum sensing, why might a bacterium synthesize more than one type of signaling molecule?

A: Quorum sensing is a cell–cell communication method that allows bacteria to collect information about…

Q: What is coactivation? Why do you think it happens?

A: The nervous system is a complex network of specialized cells, tissues, and organs that coordinate…

Q: Explain how small effector molecules affect the function of activators and repressors.

A: Small effector molecules are those molecules which affect the regulation of transcription by binding…

Q: What happens in the reception phase of cell signaling when protein signal molecules are present?…

A: The cells in a multicellular organism communicate with each other through various signaling…

Q: What are kinases? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys…

A: Introduction  Proteins which are called enzymes speed up chemical reactions and they act as a…

Q: Suppose you want to develop a drug that targets nuclear receptors. What chemical characteristic of…

A: In Molecular biology, the nuclear receptors can be defined as the ligand-regulated proteins…

Q: The SRP receptor functions in the ER membrane. Which answer best describes its translation process…

A: Many proteins are present in the plasma membranes, many are located in the organellar membranes,…

Q: Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion  Which molecule performs the primary signal…

A: The ability of a cell to receive, process, and communicate messages with its surroundings is known…

Q: Describe and connect five different outcomes that could occur due to the loss of FMRP function in…

A: The FMRP protein is made using instructions from the FMR1 gene. The brain, testes, and ovaries are…

Q: Describe HOW/WHY phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation act like an “on/off” switch for the relay…

A: Phosphorylation is the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule, typically a protein, by a…

Q: What characteristics make yeasts a good model for learning about signaling in humans?

A: Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms delegated individuals from the growth realm. The…

Q: Drugs and other medecine uses the concept of signaling. Cite some drugs how they mimic natural…

A: Many drugs mimic cell signalling molecules thereby stimulating cell function and compensate for…

Cell Signaling

It allows cells to perform various cellular activities, coordinate, and interact with other cells. All cells of an organism receive signals from their environments and respond accordingly. Even the unicellular eukaryotes receive signals secreted by other cells and respond. In the case of yeast, mating takes place by signaling between the yeast cells. Communication by cell signaling in a multicellular organism has become a vast and important part of various fields of biology.