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- One of the important uses of the Nernst equation is in describing the flow of ions across plasma membranes. Ions move under the influence of two forces: the concentration gradient (given in electrical units by the Nernst equation) and the electrical gradient (given by the membrane voltage). This is summarized by Ohms law: Ix=Gx(VmEx) which describes the movement of ion x across the membrane. I is the current in amperes (A); G is the conductance, a measure of the permeability of x, in Siemens (S), which is I/V;Vm is the membrane voltage; and Ex is the equilibrium potential of ion x. Not only does this equation tell how large the current is, but it also tells what direction the current is flowing. By convention, a negative value of the current represents either a positive ion entering the cell or a negative ion leaving the cell. The opposite is true of a positive value of the current. a. Using the following information, calculate the magnitude of Na [ Na+ ]0=145mM,[ Na+ ]i=15mM,Gna+=1nS,Vm=70mV b. Is Na+ entering or leaving the cell? c. Is Na+ moving with or against the concentration gradient? Is it moving with or against the electrical gradient?Using the Nernst equation, calculate the equilibrium potential for Ca2 and for C1 from the following sets of data: a. Given [ Ca2+ ]0=1mM,[ Ca2+ ]i=100nM, find Eca2+ b. Given [ Cl- ]0=110mM,[ Cl- ]i=100mM, find EclThe ion flows across neuronal membranes at rest and duringan action potential do not significantly change bulk ionconcentrations, except for that of Ca2+ ions. Resting Ca2+ ionconcentrations in cells are usually about 10–7 M, and Ca2+ ionsexert physiological effects at concentrations of perhaps 10–5 M.Explain why relative changes of intracellular [Ca2+] are muchgreater than for, say, [Na+] (12–50 mM).
- Given that the extracellular concentration of Cl- is approximately 120 mM, what is the intracellular concentration if the Nernst potential for Cl- is 39 mV. (T=298 K, R=1.987 cal/K·mol, F=23,062 cal/mol·V)Calculate the equilibrium membrane potentials to be expected across a membrane at 37 ∘C, with a NaCl concentration of 0.50 M on the "right side" and 0.08 M on the "left side", given the following conditions. In each case, state which side is (+) and which is (−). Membrane equally permeable to both ions.If the equilibrium potential for K* is -90mV, and the charge inside the cell is -70mV, which direction will K move across the membrane assuming there is permeability (membrane leak channels) which allow it to pass?
- Calculate the equilibrium membrane potentials to be expected across a membrane at 37 ∘C, with a NaCl concentration of 0.50M on the "right side" and 0.08 M on the "left side", given the following conditions. In each case, state which side is (+) and which is (−). (a)Membrane permeable only to Na+.With regard to Na+ and K+ equilibrium potentials and the resting and active membrane potentials, write down (a- D the directions of the forces indicated, acting on the ion in the table below under the respective condition(s). NB the examples given. lon Condition Electrical/Chemical force Direction of force Chemical e.g....inward.. ****** Na ENa+ = + 60 mV Electrical a. Chemical e.g. ...outward.. EK+ =- 90 mV Electrical b. Chemical C. Na" Emp = 0 mV Electrical d. Chemical K+ Emp =-20 mV ElectricalSeparately, draw a table using arrows to depict the appropriate magnitude and direction of the forces and ion fluxes at different membrane potentials for a ligand-gated channel that is equally permeable to both ion X+ and ion Y+. The equilibrium potential for ion X+ is -60 mV, and the equilibrium potential for ion Y+ is -20 mV. Which item best represents the forces and fluxes for a membrane potential of -40 mV (a, b, c, or d)? Upwards arrows means outward direction and downwards arrow means inward direction. The length of the arrow determines the magnitude.
- A cell has an actual membrane potential (Em) at rest of -75mV. The equilibrium potential for Na+ is +120mV and the equilibrium potential for K+ is -95mV. Calculate the net driving force for Na+ in mV.For a typical vertebrate cell with a membrane potential of −0.070 V (inside negative), what is the free-energy change for transporting 1 mol of Na+ from the cell into the blood at 37 °C? Assume the concentration of Na+ insidethe cell is 12 mM and in blood plasma it is 145 mM.Separately, draw a table using arrows to depict the appropriate magnitude and direction of the forces and ion fluxes at different membrane potentials for a ligand-gated channel that is equally permeable to both ion X+ and ion Y+. The equilibrium potential for ion X+ is -60 mV, and the equilibrium potential for ion Y+ is -20 mV. Which item best represents the forces and fluxes for a membrane potential of -60 mV? Pick one of the four tables in the included image please for your answer.