Someone goes for a jog first thing in the morning and encounters a squadron of javelinas, causing a release of epinephrine. Some of this circulating epinephrine binds to a G-alpha-s coupled receptor (GPCR) on the surface of muscle cells. Which of the following would occur in the muscle cell as a result of this activation? Nitric oxide synthesis would increase. cyclic AMP (cAMP) activity would increase. Phospholipase C (PLC) would hydrolyze (cut) the molecule PIP2. The levels of adenylate cyclase activity would decrease.       The levels of adenylate cyclase activity would decrease. Which ligand is CORRECTLY matched with its characteristic? Group of answer choices Glucagon: stimulates the activation of the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway Nitric oxide (NO): must bind to its target protien withn a few seconds because NO degrades rapidly Steroid hormone: produces a response in its target cells within seconds Acetylcholine: hydrophobic molecule that binds to an intracellular receptor.

Name a drug for treatment for overactive bladder syndrome which does not target the muscarinic M3 receptors directly, but rather targets one of the second messenger signalling molecules within the smooth muscle cells as a result of muscarinic M3 receptor activation. Which second messenger molecule would you choose to target? Justify your choice and explain how targeting this second messenger pathway would result in the reduction of bladder smooth muscle contraction.

Certain toxins disrupt normal cell activity by blockingacetylcholine binding sites. Which of the following explainsthis type of interaction: specificity, competition, or saturation? Explain your answer.

When insulin binds to its receptor, a conformational change occurs that results in auto phosphorylation of the receptor on a specific Tyr residues. In the next step of the signaling pathway, an adaptor protein called IRS-1(insulin receptor substrate-1) docks with the phosphorylated receptor. This step is essential for the downstream activation of several kinases including Alk, also known as protein B as well as protein C kinase and GSK-3. Protein kinase 3 is involved in mobilizing GLUT 4 glucose transporters to the plasma membrane and GSK-3 phosphorylates glycogen sunthase. What would be the effects of a mammalian organism over expressing IRS-1 were also deficient in muscle GAK-3? Would this deficiency be lethal ?

Design a novel drug for treatment for overactive bladder syndrome which does not target the muscarinic M3 receptors directly, but rather targets one of the second messenger signalling molecules within the smooth muscle cells as a result of muscarinic M3 receptor activation. Which second messenger molecule would you choose to target? Justify your choice and explain how targeting this second messenger pathway would result in the reduction of bladder smooth muscle contraction.

When activated extracellularly, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) initiate which of the following? (select all that apply) a G protein signaling mechanism inside the cell. A G protein signaling mechanism outside the cell. Transporters to uptake degraded neurotransmitters for recycling. The release of neurotransmitter molecules into the postsynaptic cell.

which letter is the answer?

Thyroid hormones generate a response in their target cell by O binding to its surface receptors. O by binding to an intracellular receptor and promoting gene expression O by binding to a ligand-gated receptor O by binding to a tyrosine kinase receptor.

When nerve cells contact each other, they form adherens junctions (AJs) at the point of contact. The main transmembrane (TM) protein in the junctions is N-cadherin. N-cadherin is a single pass TM protein with a short intracellular domain and a large extracellular domain on the amino end. Proper formation of the AJs requires both actin (MF) and microtubules (MTs). Motor proteins for MTs are dynein (-) end and kinesin (+) end (and were discovered by Michael Sheetz).  Maintenance of preformed AJs requires MFs . Adding drugs that disrupt MFs causes AJs to fall apart, and the N-cadherin is removed from the PM (by endocytosis). If the drugs are removed, MTs (& MFs) are required to restore the N-cadherin to the plasma membrane. choose answer for D1 and D2  D. Suppose cells contain a soluble kinase that modifies N-cadherin that has been removed from the PM. D-1. The kinase could catalyze modification(s) of the side chains of amino acids near (the N end) (the C end) (either end, but not…

Which of the following is false? Steroids do not require a G protein and second messenger. The average pH of blood is 7.4 Increased levels of AMP will cause an increase in enzyme activity A G protein links the first messenger with the second messenger.