how is urine output effected by the change in affrent and effrent diameter

how is bicarbonate reabsorbed in the proximal tubule? explainthe role of Na+/H+ antiporter.

If nephrons lacked a nephron loop, what would be the effect on the volume and solute (osmotic) concentration of the urine produced?

define renal clearance and explain how this value summarizes the way a substance is handled by the kidney

how does hydrostatic pressure in the glomerus affect the net filtration pressure and GFR and how is hydrostatic pressure effect by the diameter of the effrent and affrent tubles

What is the proximal convoluted tubule? Why is it called that? What occurs here? Is it in the renal cortex or renal medulla?

What is the relationship between electrolytes and urine pH? What physiological mechanisms facilitate this relationship?

Pressure in the renal artery is 100 mm Hg and the pressure in the renal vein is 50 mm Hg. The resistance of the afferent arteriole equals 0.5 mm Hg•min/L and the resistance of the efferent arteriole equals 0.5 mm Hg•min/L. What is the pressure in the glomerulus?

Which of the urinary structures are responsible for transport of urine? Which of the urinary structures are responsible for temporary storage of urine? In detail, describe the micturition reflex.

How does ADH help concentrate urine? What are its effects at the collecting ducts?