How does salt, sugar and caffeine affect urine volume?

Anatomy and physiology

How do kidneys assist with regulation of bicarbonate in a patient with metabolic acidosis?   There is increased reabsorption of hydrogen ions There is a decreased secretion of phosphorous There is increased reabsorption of bicarbonate There is reabsorption of ammonia

How can  you determine renal handling of a substance by comparing its clearance rate to the clearance rate of inulin or creatinine?

What is the difference between filtration and reabsorption? Explain how hydrostatic, osmotic (or colloid oncotic), and osmosis influence fluid transport across the nephron.

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water could result from all of the following except: an increase in the production of aldosterone. an increase in the release of ANG II. an increase in the osmolarity of the blood. a decrease in blood volume. a decrease in the osmolarity of the filtrate.

Which of the following pathways best describe the structures which urine has to flow through before being excreted out of the body? (Hint: some structures may be omitted, so just make sure the general order is correct)    1-Collecting duct -> bladder -> ureter 2-Collecting duct -> ureter -> bladder -> urethra 3-Collecting duct -> urethra -> bladder -> ureter   4-Major calyx -> minor calyx -> renal pelvis -> urethra

Sodium and water absorption in the collecting duct has the largest effect on total body water balance because: O A. The largest change in the transport of these molecules can occur in the CD OB. The largest absorption of water amounts can occur in the CD OC. The largest absorption of Na amount can occur in the CD D. The largest change of osmolarity can occur in the CD

Of the following solutes, which ones are least likely to be found in the urine of a healthy person: erythrocytes, glucose, sodium ions, and/or hydrogen ions? Explain why you normally wouldn’t expect to find this (these) solute(s) in the urine.

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?  PCT - facilitated diffusion of glucosedescending loop of Henle - sodium reabsorptioncollecting duct - water reabsorptionDCT - reabsorption of bicarbonate ionsglomerulus - high pressure filtration